What Are The Décevoir Verb Conjugations

The French verb  dà ©cevoir  means to disappoint. When you want to say disappointed or disappointing, you will need to conjugate the verb.  Dà ©cevoir  is an irregular verb and that means the French conjugations can be tricky. However, this quick French lesson will walk you through the most common verb forms. Conjugating the French Verb  Dà ©cevoir Verb conjugations are necessary when we want to express the past, present, or future tense of a verb. Its similar to the English -ing and -ed endings, though in French we must also change the verb according to the subject pronoun. Dà ©cevoir  is an  irregular verb. While it does not follow the most common conjugation patterns, the same endings you see here apply to all  French verbs ending in  -cevoir. The primary difference is that we want to retain the soft C sound throughout the conjugations This is why you will see a cedilla à § before the vowels O and U in some of the forms of  dà ©cevoir. Pay special attention as you study these conjugations and it shouldnt be too much of a problem. Using the table, you can quickly find the proper conjugation. Simply pair the correct subject pronoun with the appropriate tense. For instance, I disappoint is je dà ©Ãƒ §ois and we disappoint is nous dà ©cevrons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dois dcevrai dcevais tu dois dcevras dcevais il doit dcevra dcevait nous dcevons dcevrons dcevions vous dcevez dcevrez dceviez ils doivent dcevront dcevaient The Present Participle of  Dà ©cevoir The  present participle  of dà ©cevoir  is created by adding -ant  to the verb stem. The result is  dà ©cevant. This is a verb, of course, yet it can also be used as an adjective, gerund, or noun when needed. The Passà © Composà © and Past Participle The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a common way to express disappointed. To use this past tense form, add the  past participle  dà ©Ãƒ §u  to the appropriate subject pronoun and its conjugate of  avoir  (an auxiliary verb). As an example, I disappointed is jai dà ©Ãƒ §u and we disappointed is nous avons dà ©Ãƒ §u. More Simple  Dà ©cevoir  Conjugation to Learn When youre just starting out in French, concentrate on the past, present, and future tense forms of  dà ©cevoir. As you progress, consider learning some of the following conjugations as they may be helpful as well. The subjunctive and conditional verb moods each express some degree of uncertainty or dependency to the action of disappointing. Those are used more frequently than the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive, which are often found in writing alone. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je doive dcevrais dus dusse tu doives dcevrais dus dusses il doive dcevrait dut dt nous dcevions dcevrions dmes dussions vous dceviez dcevriez dtes dussiez ils doivent dcevraient durent dussent To express  dà ©cevoir  in the imperative form as a short, direct demand or request, skip the subject pronoun. The whom is implied within the verb, so you can use dà ©Ãƒ §ois rather than tu dà ©Ãƒ §ois. Imperative (tu) dois (nous) dcevons (vous) dcevez

Who to Choose from these Well-Qualified Applicants for...

Excellent academic performance is one of the most important entrant requirements needed to secure admission in Ashesi University College in particular and all other Universities in general. Excellent academic performance is visibly available and therefore the most easy requirement for us, the directors of admissions to have access to. In recent times, we the directors have gone further to take into account other qualities / characteristics which we feel is needed in addition to excellent academic performance as a basis to consider when admitting students into the higher academic environment. These we believe will serve to compliment the high academic performance expected of each student and also to prepare them to face the challenges of life after University. It must also be noted that, though crucial, Excellent academic performance is not the only thing that guarantees the success of an individual. Any individual may be failing academically but due to other qualities and characteristics he possesses, such as the ability to express himself / herself, passion for the chosen field and good judgement, he / she may be able to achieve the life goals he / she have set for himself. This is also why other factors, apart from academic excellence, need to be looked at. As a director of admission of Asheshi University College, I will be looking out for the following skill sets in addition to academic achievements through written tests and conducting interviews. Ambition

BioEthics And Genetic Engineering Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Bio-Ethics And Genetic Engineering Essay, Research Paper Bioethicss Outline: Thesis: It is my belief that familial technology has promise to better world, and it is our ethical duty to research it but non work it. There is a demand to hold a morally right statute law that guides the manner scientific discipline develops this. Outline: I. Social a ) Personal Privacy I. Individual rights B ) Society I. Deduction on society II. Religious a ) Religious concerns B ) Different faith positions III. Medical Benefits a ) What are they B ) What are the hazards IV. Legislation a ) Who regulates it B ) What is regulated The Random House Webster? s College Dictionary defines bioethics as a field of survey and advocate concerned with the deductions of certain medical processs, familial technology, and attention of the terminally ailment. I will be researching and noticing on how bioethics relates to familial technology. Familial technology is a subdivision of biological science covering with the splice and recombining of familial units from populating beings, harmonizing to Webster? s New World Dictionary. I will look at bioethics from the point of position of personal privateness, social effects, spiritual concerns, medicative benefits and statute law. The subject of familial technology stirs up arguments, as it is a controversial country with tremendous potency for both good and bad in our society. Genetically prepared drugs have already helped enormously, in the treament assorted diseases. Biogenetically prepared vaccinums and insulin have already proven their benefit medical specialty. Other genetically engineered drugs are waiting Federal Drug Administration ( FDA ) blessing. However, critics claim that it will do more injury than good. Many theologists believe that familial technology, should non be investigated at all, they feel Mother Nature knows best and any fiddling with familial stuff is evil. The primary ground why theologists argue that familial technology is unethical is because it defies all that has been described in the narrative of creative activity in the bible and other spiritual texts. However, it is my belief that familial technology has promise to better world, and it is our ethical duty to research it but non work it. There is a demand to hold a morally right statute law that guides the manner scientific discipline develops this ( Toward E01. ) It has been merely four decennaries since James D. Watson and Francis H. Crick made one of the most profound finds of all time, the dual spiral construction of DNA. Today we know, human Deoxyribonucleic acid is made of up 23 braces of chromosomes and is found in all cells of the human organic structure. Human cistrons are short sections of Deoxyribonucleic acid that determine human traits, runing from sex to oculus colour ( Toward 1995. ) To a big extent, DNA predetermines what diseases we will acquire, what our IQ will be and how we will work etc. Harmonizing to Time magazines DNA is a complex construction that has 100,000 cistrons and 3 billion chemical codifications ( Isaacson 42 ) which encrypt the very footing of our biological unit. Deoxyribonucleic acid is the true pollex imprint which makes each single unique, and the full contention environing familial technology revolves around the thought of destructing the human by altering this codification. Genetic technology today has already helped many sterile patients to hold kids by a technique called in-vitro fertilisation ( Toward E01. ) In October 1993, the Doctor Jerry L. Hall, a geneticist, at George Washington to University Medical Center cloned a human embryo. This set off an ethical argument. Ethicists asked why the cloning was done, and who will put the guidelines for this pattern in the hereafter. There are those who believe that this issue is about single liberty. They believe that this is non society? s concern and no 1 should be allowed to interfere with a individual? s personal privateness and that nil can be more personal so familial stuff that makes us who we are ( Kolata A1. ) Harmonizing to Richard A. McCormick, S.J. , who teaches divinity at the University of Notre Dame, ? one? s attack to cloning will change harmonizing to the scope of issues one wants to consider. ? For illustration, he says some people look at it from the point of position of assisting sterile twosomes to hold offspring and they say that this is non incorrect because geneticists are merely assisting where female parent nature failed. McCormick believes that people with this point of position are being? scarily myopic? . He sees this issue as? ? highly societal affair, non a inquiry of mere personal privateness. I see three dimensions to the moral inquiry: the integrity of life, the individualism of life, and regard for life ( McCormick 1148. ) ? The danger of familial technology prevarications in the fact that the individualism of life could be lost as natural choice is gives manner to forced choice to propagate and incode a few preferable genetic sciences traits in the lab. The danger is that we may desire merely some qualities in each human, we may desire the ability to pick and take qualities that appeal to us and so set them into a human. In this sort of future there is no respect for the whole homo, we merely want the spots and pieces of that human that we find desirable. We want the right to hold perfect babes but this right implies the right to destruct imperfect babes and this construct leaves a bad gustatory sensation in our oral cavities as we grapple with it. The construct of integrity is being destroyed. Peoples should non be considered as parts, they are who they are, and they are persons with strengths and failings. Familial pieces put together in a lab will neer do an single homo being, it will merely be a android. Do we desire to replace the Mendelian Torahs of heritage with genetically sliced androids? Where will this take us? This hereafter would keep effects far worse so dividing an atom, which resulted into the production of atomic arms. In the 50 million old ages as the homosapiens evolved off from their ape ascendants merely a two per centum mutant in the familial codification has occurred ( Isaacson 43. ) Can we afford to allow the likes of Ventor, a brilliant but impatient geneticist who is forcing rapid development of this field, change the human familial stuff over the following 20 old ages ( Thompson 54. ) Singles cistrons don # 8217 ; t execute a individual map, as one changes a faulty cistron it may hold black unanticipated effects. Even in nature a individual alteration in DNA sequence in the haemoglobin resulted in reaping hook cell anaemia. This alteration occurred because many people were deceasing from malaria in Africa. This familial mutant gave host protection against malaria. However this protection against malaria came at a brawny monetary value. It resulted in haemoglobin, which was faulty, and patients with reaping hook cell have a sawed-off life span and legion painful episodes. Random choice with endurance of the fittest consequences in slow mutative alterations, which are normally good. I hope the familial applied scientists think of an person and wear? t bend him into a monster by induing some characteristics which they think are good. Even Frankenstein realized that he did non? right for my ain benefit to bring down the expletives upon on everlasting coevalss? ( Isaacson 43. ) In the theological manner of believing life come from life. In the Old Testament God creates the universe and Tells Adam and Eve go Forth and multiply. This manner of reproduction insures that we inherit characteristic from two parents. When we start interfering with familial stuff we violate the rights of the embryo. Does the embryo non hold the right to be an single like his parents? God created human in His ain image harmonizing to the Old Testament, Christian theologians argue that we can non better on His work. In generative medical specialty it is rights of parent that clang with the rights of the embryo. Unfortunately, the embryo is non in a place to protect and support himself. Theologians say in today? s generative medical specialty the right of the parent is in direct struggle with the right of the embryo. Does this coevals have the right to alter the hereafter of all coevalss? After all, we in this coevals are merely one little portion in the history of the human race. Do we have the right and or the cognition to change the class of the human race? Respect for life in its present signifier is being destroyed. We are seeking make a new race in the trial tubing. We don? t respect the regulations and ordinances of guerrilla and ape folks, why would this new race esteem our norms. We are traveling excessively fast in a really complex country and we may inadvertently perpetrate race murder of the human race. Let us esteem our present social values and continue them. Since 1883, there have been efforts to better the human race through familial technology. English scientist Francis Galto gave this construct the name eugenics. Eugenicss raised ethical inquiries such as should we seek to make a? maestro race, ? go forthing the non-genetically altered at the underside of society? This term gained a negative intension because of the evil Nazi government that tried to make a? maestro race? and wipe out the Hebrews , who they considered genetically inferior ( Toward E01. ) In the late 1930 # 8217 ; s, Hitler # 8217 ; s government sponsored a Eugenics undertaking. The Eugenics undertaking was supposed to make a individual with perfect cistrons. They were unsuccessful in making the # 8220 ; superior # 8221 ; race because they did non cognize the basic unit of cistrons. This basic unit was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick and they called it DNA. In 1990 under the leading of James Watson, the National Institute of Health ( NIH ) , located in Bethesda Maryland, was able to obtain federal financess to get down a human genome-mapping undertaking. The more cistrons that scientists are able to map out, the more familial diseases they will be able to bring around. For illustration, we will be able to pass over out Downs? s Syndrome, Sickle Cell Anemia and other familial diseases that affect 1000000s of people. At present familial testing of amnionic fluid is being done and in some instances the parents choose to abort the faulty foetuss. Scientists are trusting that in the close hereafter they will be able to rectify the faulty cistron in-vivo, by canceling the faulty familial stuff and replacing it with normal cistrons. I believe that there are still many pitiless selfish political leaders like Hitler that would that would work this engineering to seek to do the perfect soldier to take over the universe. Charles Darwin besides advocated bettering them human stock to make a stronger human race. He believed that this would go on by natural choice. Alternatively, we could make this utlizing familial technology. Legislation would guarantee that we do non make a? maestro race? ; we merely use familial technology to bring around familial diseases correct familial defects ( Toward E01. ) Germans learned a really acrimonious lesson about eugenics under Hitler? s government and today they have some of the toughest legislative controls of any state. In Germany Hitler # 8217 ; s errors have left Markss on the German mind, by this I mean Germans are still afraid of familial technology because of Hitler? s ruthless Eugenics undertaking that tried to make a maestro race. An illustration of this is biochemist Carl-Wihelm Vogel. Vogel had set up a Class 1 Lab ( the class denoting the least hazard ) at Hamburg University? s Institute of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, in order to seek to clone the cistron that codes for the cobra venom factor, a protein that could forestall the rejection of organ grafts. In most states this type of familial research would hardly raise an supercilium ; nevertheless, German Torahs is rigorous ; [ it ] requires a research worker to acquire permission from governments for such a lab, and to wait 2 months between publically denoting intended experiments and transporting them out? giving governments a opportunity to object. ( ? Runing Afoul of German Biotech Regs? 512 ) Vogel ignored these guidelines, so when functionaries from Hamburg? s Environmental Agency were sing a nearby lab and looked in on Vogel, they put a impermanent arrest on his research. Vogel finally filed out the application to transport out his work. In add-on, he may hold to pay a mulct of $ 60,000 ( ? Runing? 512. ) The Sacramento Bee, a newspaper, carried an article that discussed philosophical issues of familial technology. Harmonizing to the article the complete effects of changing a cistron would non be known for at least a coevals. We would be able to measure the positive consequences instantly. However, if the negative long-run effects are hidden, for illustration, doing you more prone to acquire malignant neoplastic disease, 1000000s of people could decease and it would decades before we could set up the cause-effect relationship. Another philosophical concern is should parents be able to take the physical and mental traits of their kids? An article from Science Magazine published in April 1986, it appears that many Germans are discerning about the cistron splicing research happening in their state because it reminds them of the Eugenics undertaking under the Nazis. There are groups in Germany like? Greens? , a naturalist group, who believes that this sort of research can travel amiss and make monsters with high IQ # 8217 ; s. Harmonizing to Greens, natural choice at its gradual gait is the manner to travel. Familial technology holds great promises for the hereafter. Its usage my aid scientists discover remedies for 100s of diseases ; its possible usage for baronial intents is limitless. Unfortunately there is a impudent side to this: its potency for abuse is merely every bit great. Therefore this promising field of scientific discipline must be morally regulated to guarantee that it is non misused. Pharmaceutical companies were the first to acknowledge that utilizing cell biological science, the maps of a cell could be used to make drugs, which were specific for a job and had low toxicity. The success in this field has already been dramatic with few, if any inauspicious effects. So far we have targeted proteins molecules that are produced by RNA/DNA in response to disease and have battled disease at this degree ( Gorman 79. ) We have been able to utilize bacteriums like E. Coli and barm to do genetically engineered drugs and vaccinums. As the population of the universe exploded and figure of people with Diabetes Mellitus and Hypothyroidism were increased, we started running out of endocrine drugs like insulin and tetraiodothyronine which were obtained from carnal variety meats. There were non adequate animate beings to butcher to maintain up with the demand. Biogenetics changed all this, we now safely produce insulin in the research lab, the insulin and tetraiodothyronine is purer, cheaper, better and more plentiful. The pharmaceutical industry so far has been able to show that scientific discipline, if advanced under ethical counsel with good proper purpose can take to good consequences ( Gorman 79. ) Scientific research in genetic sciences is non needfully job in of itself. The fright is that the engineering will fall into unscrupulous custodies and will be exploited ( Gorman 79. ) Legislative regulation of biogentic technology is non traveling to be any easy procedure. It is really clear that immense net incomes can ensue from the right sort of research. For the first clip research scientists are demanding that they be allowed to patent their DNA research. So far the United States federal authorities has been able to mandate that this can non be done. Scientists are tring to brand human cistrons and no one person can hold rights to the codifications of the human genome. By leting patenting for assorted cistron parts we paralyze farther research in this field. However, in this epoch of planetary economic sciences, whatever statute law is passed would hold to be internationally acceptable and enforceable, if it is to win. The United Nations, an international organic structure set up after World War II to assist negociate differences among states, has done a batch of good work but we have non been able to extinguish autocrat like Saddam Hussain. The fright is tha t as familial technology progresss pitiless leaders like Saddam will work the engineering for their ain addition and will withstand the ethical policies of the universe patroling order. The counter consequence of any statute law has been a booming underground that erodes the basic premiss of that statute law. The more a technological invention has possible for fiscal net income ; more this belowground black market thrives. We need to be after to battle this consequence as we advance. This is the portion of familial technology that can non be legislated ; it has to be policed. I can sum up my ethical point of position as it relates to familial technology by citing the words of the encephalons behind this scientific revolution James Watson, neer postpone experiments that have clear defined future benefits for fright of dangers that can? t be quantified. Though it may sound foremost detached, we can respond rationally merely to existent ( as opposed to conjectural ) hazards. Yet for several old ages we postponed of import experiments on the familial footing of malignant neoplastic disease, for illustration, because we took much excessively earnestly specious statements that the cistrons at the root of human malignant neoplastic disease might themselves be unsafe to work with. ( Watson 91 ) If the Fieldss of biogenetics and moralss can work together, integrating each other principles the field of biogentics will revolutionise the universe and do it better topographic point for all. Bibliography Gorman, Christine. ? Drugs By Design. ? Time 11 Jan. 1999: 79-83. Isaacson, Walter. ? The Biotech Century. ? Time 11 Jan. 1999: 42-43. Kolata, Gina. ? The Hot Debate About Cloning Human Embryo. ? New York Times 26 Oct. 1993 New York concluding erectile dysfunction. : A1+ Lemonick, Michael D, and Dick Thompson. ? Rushing To Map Our Deoxyribonucleic acid. ? Time 11 Jan. 1999: 44-51. McCormick, Richard A. ? Should We Clone Humans? ? The Christian Century 110 ( 1993 ) : 1148. Section 1.01? Runing Afoul of German Biotech Regs. ? Science Washington 264 ( 1994 ) : 512 Thompson, Dick. ? Gene Maverick. ? Time 11 Jan. 1999: 54-55. Toward a More Perfect Human? 1995, July 2. The Orange County Register. P. E01 Watson, John D. ? All For The Good. ? Time 11 Jan. 1999: 91.

Wind power Essay Example For Students

Wind power Essay Energy is the ability to do work. It surrounds us in all aspect of life. However, the ability to harness it and use it, as economically as possible, is the challenge before mankind. Alternative energy refers to energy sources, which are not based on the burning of fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. The renewed interest in this field of study comes from the undesirable effects of pollution both from burning fossil fuels and nuclear waste by products. Fortunately, there are many means of harnessing energy that have less damaging impacts on the environment. One example wind power. Wind energy is a clean and renewable source of electric power and is also the world’s fastest growing energy source. We will write a custom essay on Wind power specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now More then five thousands years ago, the Egyptians used the wind to sail ships on the Nile. Later, people built the first turbines and used the wind to grind grain. These machines looked like paddle wheels and were used in Persia as early as 200 BC. By the fourteenth century, the Dutch had taken the lead in improving the design of windmills. They invented propeller type blades and used wind power to drain the marshes and lakes of the Rhone River delta. In America, Early European settlers used windmills to grind wheat and corn, to pump water, and to cut wood at sawmills. By the early twentieth century, small windmills were used for pumping water and electric power generation in Europe, the United States, Africa, and elsewhere. In addition to thousand of small wind electric generators, a few larger systems were built in North America and Europe. In the 1970’s, the increase in oil and fossil fuel prices helped wind power return as an economical alternative energy source. Governmen ts all around the world, especially in North America and Europe, instituted research and development programs. These efforts led to the development of modern wind turbines, which have dramatically reduced the cost of generating electricity from wind power. A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns a blade, which spins a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups, the horizontal axis and the vertical axis design. Horizontal axis wind turbines have blades that spin in a vertical plane like airplane propellers. The blades have a special shape so that when wind passes over them, it moves more rapidly over one side. This creates a low pressure behind the blade and a high-pressure area in front of it. The difference between these two pressures causes the blades to spin. The blades of a vertical axis wind machine work on the same principles as horizontal axis machine. The shape of the blades causes the pressure to differ when the wind blows over them. This causes the assembly to spin. In a vertical axis machine, however, the blades spin in a plane that is parallel to the ground like an eggbeater. Wind turbines are made in a variety of sizes, and therefor power ratings. The largest machine, such as the one built in Hawaii, has propellers that span more than the length of a football field and stands twenty stories high. It also produces enough electricity to power fourteen hundred homes. A small home sized wind machine has rotators between 8 and 25 feet in diameter. It stand upward of 30 feet and can supply the power needs of an all electric home or small business. Wind energy is also a partial solution to environmental problems. The electric Power Research Institute has stated that â€Å" Alone among the alternative energy technologies wind power offers pollution free electricity that is nearly cost competitive with today’s conventional sources†. In 1991, for example, California’s wind power plants offset the emission of more than 2.8 billion pounds of carbon dioxide. These same wind plants offset sixteen million pounds of nitrogen oxide, sulferdioxide, and particles. It would take a forest of one hundred and seventy five million trees to provide the same air quality. .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb , .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb .postImageUrl , .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb , .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb:hover , .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb:visited , .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb:active { border:0!important; } .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb:active , .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8e612673ba373bece4cac73d2766f8fb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homeschooling EssayThe environment, however, is not the only benefit wind turbines offer. Wind energy is already one of the most cost competitive renewable energy technologies, at about three to five cents per kilowatt-hour. These costs are competitive with the direct operating cost of many conventional forms of electricity. In the future, prices are expected to drop even further. This will provide low cost electricity to homes, businesses, schools and manufacturing plants.Although wind power does have relatively little impact on the environment, there are some drawbacks. For instance, there is concern over the noise produced by the rotator blades and aesthetic impacts. Al so, birds have been killed by flying into rotators. Most of these problems have been resolved or greatly reduced through technological development or by properly siting wind plants. Another challenge to using wind as a source of power is that it is intermittent and it does not always blow when electricity is needed. Wind cannot be stored and therefor it cannot be used to meet the timing of all electricity demands. Further, good wind sites are often located in remote locations far from areas of electric power demand. Finally, wind resource development may compete with other uses for the land and those alternative uses may be more highly valued then electricity generation. Wind power has an expansive future according to experts. In the 1990’s wind energy was the fastest growing source of electricity in the world. However, the majority of this growth has been in Europe. This is where government policies and high conventional energy costs favor the use of wind energy. The U.S. De partment of energy recently announced that it hopes to power at least 5% of the nation’s electricity with wind by 2020. The department also wants to increase federal use of wind energy to 5% by 2010. Although the world may never be able to fulfill all of its energy needs through renewable energy sources, it is a goal worth trying to achieve. And people are working toward that goal. Many advances in the field of wind generated power have been made in recent years, and research efforts continue to press forward on numerous other alternative energy fronts. Bibliography:

Compare and contrast the funeral speeches of Brutus and Antony Essay Example

Compare and contrast the funeral speeches of Brutus and Antony Essay Example Compare and contrast the funeral speeches of Brutus and Antony Paper Compare and contrast the funeral speeches of Brutus and Antony Paper Firstly, Brutus decides to make his speech first, which is a bog mistake, because the plebians will only really remember the last speech that was made, thus making Brutus speech less effective. Brutus would usually speak in a verse language, but in his speech he spoke in prose, to try and come down to the plebians level and he thinks that they will appreciate that. However, Antony speaks as he should, in verse and the plebians respect that and expect him to speak like that, so as soon Antony starts his speech, they already like it more than Brutus. Also the first sentence of each speech is significant. Brutus starts his speech with Romans, countrymen and lovers! . This is a great start to the speech because it shows how Brutus is equal to the plebians, and the plebians like to think that they are equal to someone as great as Brutus, and therefore are on Brutus side. However, Antony starts his speech and goes one better and starts his speech by saying Friends, Romans, countrymen . The most significant word is friends, it shows how he is fond of the plebians, and that he wants to be their friends. The plebians feel surprised, and overwhelmed by this, so straight away into Antonys speech, when they were on Brutus side just minutes before, the plebians are on Antonys side. Both of them use a rhetorical question in their speech, to challenge the plebians. Brutus asks Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to love all free men? He then asks that if any of them want to be slaves, then stand up. By saying this he is challenging the plebians, and making it hard for them to disagree with him. In Antonys speech he asks I thrice presented him a kingly crown, which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition? Because the plebians dont understand why a person would turn down the crown if they wanted to be king, they believe that Caesar never wanted to be king. So when Antony asks this question, it questions them whether he really was as good as they thought? He then challenges Brutus speech by saying yet Brutus says he was ambitious. This challenges whether Brutus was right in what he said, and makes the plebians think twice about whether to believe him. Brutus speech is trying to persuade the plebians to be on his side, and to make them agree with what he says, by using rhetorical questions. Antonys, however, is to make them question whether Brutus was right.. He repeats himself a lot, saying that Brutus is an honourable man. This may seem that he is praising him a lot, but actually, by repeating it, he is taking the meaning out of it. So when the plebians first here him say it, they agree with him that Brutus is honourable, but after the last time he says it (which is a lot of times) they almost get sick of him saying that and start to disagree with the fact that Brutus is honourable, and therefore turning on Brutus. Brutus tries to make the fact that Caesar is dead a good thing, whereas Antony gradually builds his speech up, and makes it seem like a tragedy. He starts this off by coming up to do his speech with the coffin next to him, instantly making the plebians feel sad. He excuses himself saying he is too emotional, and pretends to cry, and this makes the plebians want to cry, so now they dont like the fact that Caesar is dead. He then finds Caesars will in his pocket, and pretends he didnt know it was there. The plebians shout for him to read it out, but he insists not. This just makes them want it to be read out even more. The will is almost a prop for Antonys speech, making it more effective, but Brutus had no such prop, making his speech less effective. Antony then agrees to read the will, and to make it even more effective, he makes them stand around the open coffin. This is like another prop for the speech, and when the plebians see the body, it makes them more emotional and makes them hate Brutus even more. Before he reads it, he builds it up. He tells them to prepare to cry, even though some already are. He trails where the blood was, describing his death. This makes the plebians really emotional, and makes them want to kill Brutus. They all shout to kill Brutus, but Antony stops them and tells them to stay. This part of the speech is very clever by Antony, as it turns them on Brutus, and makes them love him. Overall his speech is a lot more effective than Brutus. Brutus was effective at the time, but it didnt have a cutting edge to it. The fact that Antony went last also didnt help, because now the plebians will only remember his, and forget about Brutus. A director would tell Brutus to play the role as if Brutus were very confident. This is because he thinks he has gotten away with it, and that he has won the plebians over. He also has no idea that Antony will make such a good speech after him, he thinks that it will be a speech that will praise Brutus.

The Tiananmen Square Massacre - Background and Causes

The Tiananmen Square Massacre - Background and Causes Most people in the western world remember the Tiananmen Square Massacre this way: 1) Students protest for democracy in Beijing, China, in June of 1989. 2) Chinese government sends troops and tanks to Tiananmen Square. 3) Student protesters are brutally massacred. In essence, this is a fairly accurate depiction of what happened around Tiananmen Square, but the situation was much longer-lasting and more chaotic than this outline suggests. The protests actually started in April of 1989, as public demonstrations of mourning for former Communist Party Secretary General Hu Yaobang. A high government officials funeral seems like an unlikely spark for pro-democracy demonstrations and chaos. Nonetheless, by the time the Tiananmen Square Protests and Massacre were over less than two months later, 250 to 7,000 people lay dead. What really happened that spring in Beijing? Background to Tiananmen By the 1980s, the leaders of Chinas Communist Party knew that classical Maoism had failed. Mao Zedongs policy of rapid industrialization and collectivization of land, the Great Leap Forward, had killed tens of millions of people by starvation. The country then descended into the terror and anarchy of the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), an orgy of violence and destruction that saw teenaged Red Guards humiliate, torture, murder and sometimes even cannibalize hundreds of thousands or millions of their compatriots. Irreplaceable cultural heirlooms were destroyed; traditional Chinese arts and religion were all but extinguished. Chinas leadership knew that they had to make changes in order to remain in power, but what reforms should they make? The Communist Party leaders split between those who advocated drastic reforms, including a move toward capitalist economic policies and greater personal freedoms for Chinese citizens, versus those who favored careful tinkering with the command economy and continued strict control of the population. Meanwhile, with the leadership unsure of which direction to take, the Chinese people hovered in a no-mans land between fear of the authoritarian state, and the desire to speak out for reform. The government-instigated tragedies of the previous two decades left them hungry for change, but aware that the iron fist of Beijings leadership was always ready to smash down opposition. Chinas people waited to see which way the wind would blow. The Spark - Memorial for Hu Yaobang Hu Yaobang was a reformist, who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1980 to 1987. He advocated rehabilitation of people persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, greater autonomy for Tibet, rapprochement with Japan, and social and economic reform. As a result, he was forced out of office by the hardliners in January of 1987 and made to offer humiliating public self-criticisms for his allegedly bourgeois ideas. One of the charges leveled against Hu was that he had encouraged (or at least allowed) widespread student protests in late 1986. As General Secretary, he refused to crack down on such protests, believing that dissent by the intelligentsia should be tolerated by the Communist government. Hu Yaobang died of a heart attack not long after his ouster and disgrace, on April 15, 1989. Official media made just brief mention of Hus death, and the government at first did not plan to give him a state funeral. In reaction, university students from across Beijing marched on Tiananmen Square, shouting acceptable, government-approved slogans, and calling for the rehabilitation of Hus reputation. Bowing to this pressure, the government decided to accord Hu a state funeral after all. However, government officials on April 19 refused to receive a delegation of student petitioners, who patiently waited to speak with someone for three days at the Great Hall of the People. This would prove to be the governments first big mistake. Hus subdued memorial service took place on April 22 and was greeted by huge student demonstrations involving about 100,000 people. Hardliners within the government were extremely uneasy about the protests, but General Secretary Zhao Ziyang believed that the students would disperse once the funeral ceremonies were over. Zhao was so confident that he took a week-long trip to North Korea for a summit meeting. The students, however, were enraged that the government had refused to receive their petition, and emboldened by the meek reaction to their protests. After all, the Party had refrained from cracking down on them thus far, and had even caved in to their demands for a proper funeral for Hu Yaobang. They continued to protest, and their slogans strayed further and further from the approved texts. Events Begin to Spin Out of Control With Zhao Ziyang out of the country, hardliners in the government such as Li Peng took the opportunity to bend the ear of the powerful leader of the Party Elders, Deng Xiaoping. Deng was known as a reformer himself, supportive of market reforms and greater openness, but the hardliners exaggerated the threat posed by the students. Li Peng even told Deng that the protesters were hostile to him personally, and were calling for his ouster and the downfall of the Communist government. (This accusation was a fabrication.) Clearly worried, Deng Xiaoping decided to denounce the demonstrations in an editorial published in the April 26th Peoples Daily. He called the protests dongluan (meaning turmoil or rioting) by a tiny minority. These highly emotive terms were associated with the atrocities of the Cultural Revolution. Rather than tamping down the students fervor, Dengs editorial further inflamed it. The government had just made its second grave mistake. Not unreasonably, the students felt that they could not end the protest if it was labeled dongluan, for fear that they would be prosecuted. Some 50,000 of them continued to press the case that patriotism motivated them, not hooliganism. Until the government stepped back from that characterization, the students could not leave Tiananmen Square. But the government too was trapped by the editorial. Deng Xiaoping had staked his reputation, and that of the government, on getting the students to back down. Who would blink first? Showdown, Zhao Ziyang vs. Li Peng General Secretary Zhao returned from North Korea to find China transfixed by the crisis. He still felt that the students were no real threat to the government, though, and sought to defuse the situation, urging Deng Xiaoping to recant the inflammatory editorial. Li Peng, however, argued that to step back now would be a fatal show of weakness by the Party leadership. Meanwhile, students from other cities poured into Beijing to join the protests. More ominously for the government, other groups also joined in: housewives, workers, doctors, and even sailors from the Chinese Navy! The protests also spread to other cities - Shanghai, Urumqi, Xian, Tianjin... almost 250 in all. By May 4, the number of protesters in Beijing had topped 100,000 again. On May 13, the students took their next fateful step. They announced a hunger strike, with the goal of getting the government to retract the April 26 editorial. Over a thousand students took part in the hunger strike, which engendered wide-spread sympathy for them among the general populace. The government met in an emergency Standing Committee session the following day. Zhao urged his fellow leaders to accede to the students demand and withdraw the editorial. Li Peng urged a  crackdown. The Standing Committee was deadlocked, so the decision was passed to Deng Xiaoping. The next morning, he announced that he was placing Beijing under martial law. Zhao was fired and placed under house arrest; hard-liner Jiang Zemin succeeded him as General  Secretary; and  fire-brand Li Peng was placed in control of the military forces in Beijing. In the midst of the turmoil, Soviet Premier and fellow reformer  Mikhail Gorbachev  arrived in China for talks with Zhao on May 16. Due to Gorbachevs presence, a large contingent of foreign journalists and photographers also descended on the tense Chinese capital. Their reports fueled international concern and calls for restraint, as well as sympathetic protests in Hong Kong,  Taiwan, and ex-patriot Chinese communities in Western nations. This international outcry  placed even more  pressure on the Chinese Communist Party leadership. Early in the morning on May 19, the deposed Zhao made an extraordinary appearance in Tiananmen Square. Speaking through a bullhorn, he told the protesters: Students, we came too late. We are sorry. You talk about us, criticize us, it is all necessary. The reason that I came here is not to ask you to forgive us. All I want to say is that students are getting very weak, it is the 7th day since you went on hunger strike, you cant continue like this... You are still young, there are still many days yet to come, you must live  healthily, and see the day when China accomplishes the four modernizations. You are not like us, we are already old, it doesnt matter to us  anymore. It was the last time he was ever seen in public. Perhaps in response to Zhaos appeal, during the last week of May tensions eased a bit, and many of the student protesters from Beijing grew weary of the protest and left the square. However, reinforcements from the provinces continued to pour into the city. Hard-line student leaders called for the protest to continue until June 20, when a meeting of the National Peoples Congress was scheduled to take place. On May 30, the students set up a large sculpture called the Goddess of Democracy in Tiananmen Square. Modeled after the Statue of Liberty, it became one of the enduring symbols of the protest. Hearing the calls for a prolonged protest, on June 2 the Communist Party Elders met with the remaining members of the Politburo Standing Committee. They agreed to bring in the  Peoples Liberation Army  (PLA) to clear the protesters out of Tiananmen Square by force. The Tiananmen Square Massacre The morning of June 3, 1989, the 27th and 28th divisions of the Peoples Liberation Army moved into Tiananmen Square on foot and in tanks, firing tear gas to disperse the demonstrators. They had been ordered not to shoot the protesters; indeed, most of them did not carry firearms. The leadership selected these divisions because they were from distant provinces; local PLA troops were considered untrustworthy as potential supporters of the protests. Not only the student  protesters but also tens of thousands of workers and ordinary citizens of Beijing joined together to repel the Army. They used burned-out buses to create barricades, threw rocks and bricks at the soldiers, and even burned some tank crews alive inside their tanks. Thus, the first casualties of the Tiananmen Square Incident were actually soldiers. The student protest leadership now faced a difficult decision. Should they evacuate the Square before further blood could be shed, or hold their ground? In the end, many of them decided to remain. That night, around 10:30 pm, the PLA returned to the area around Tiananmen with rifles, bayonets fixed. The tanks rumbled down the street, firing indiscriminately. Students shouted Why are you killing us? to the soldiers, many of whom were about the same age as the protesters. Rickshaw drivers and bicyclists darted through the melee, rescuing the wounded and taking them to hospitals. In the chaos, a number of non-protesters were killed as well. Contrary to popular belief, the bulk of the violence took place in the neighborhoods all around Tiananmen Square, rather than in the Square itself. Throughout the night of June 3 and early hours of June 4, the troops beat, bayoneted, and shot protesters. Tanks drove straight into crowds, crushing people and bicycles under their treads. By 6 a.m. on June 4th, 1989, the streets around Tiananmen Square had been cleared. Tank Man or the Unknown Rebel The city lapsed into shock during June 4, with just the occasional volley of gunfire breaking the stillness. Parents of missing students pushed their way to the protest area, seeking their sons and daughters, only to be warned off and then shot in the back as they fled from the soldiers. Doctors and ambulance drivers who tried to enter the area to help the wounded were also shot down in cold blood by the PLA. Beijing seemed utterly subdued the morning of June 5. However, as foreign journalists and photographers, including  Jeff Widener  of the AP, watched from their hotel balconies as a column of tanks trundled up Changan Avenue (the Avenue of Eternal Peace), an amazing thing happened. A young man in a white shirt and black pants, with shopping bags in each hand, stepped out into the street and stopped the tanks. The lead tank tried to swerve around him, but he jumped in front of it again. Everyone watched in horrified fascination, afraid that the tank driver would lose patience and drive over the man. At one point, the man even climbed up onto the tank and spoke to the soldiers inside, reportedly asking them, Why are you here? You have caused nothing but misery. After several minutes of this defiant dance, two more men rushed up to the  Tank Man  and hustled him away. His fate is unknown. However,  still  images and video of his brave act were captured by the  Western  press members  nearby and smuggled out for the world to see. Widener and several other photographers hid the film in the tanks of their hotel toilets, to save it from searches by the Chinese security forces. Ironically, the story and the image of the Tank Mans act of defiance had the greatest immediate effect thousands of miles away, in Eastern Europe. Inspired in part by his courageous example, people across the Soviet bloc poured into the streets. In 1990, beginning with the Baltic states, the republics of the Soviet Empire began to break away. The USSR collapsed. Nobody knows how many people died in the Tiananmen Square Massacre. The official Chinese government figure is 241, but this is almost certainly a drastic undercount. Between soldiers, protesters and civilians, it seems likely that anywhere from 800 to 4,000 people were killed. The Chinese Red Cross initially put the toll at 2,600, based on counts from local hospitals, but then quickly retracted that statement under intense government pressure. Some witnesses also stated that the PLA carted away many bodies; they would not have been included in a hospital count. The Aftermath of Tiananmen 1989 The protesters who survived the Tiananmen Square Incident met a variety of fates. Some, particularly the student leaders, were given relatively light jail terms (less than 10 years). Many of the professors and other professionals who joined in were simply  blacklisted, unable to find jobs. A large number of the workers and provincial people were executed; exact figures, as usual, are unknown. Chinese journalists who had published reports sympathetic to the protesters also found themselves purged and unemployed. Some of the most famous were sentenced to multi-year prison terms. As for the Chinese government, June 4,  1989  was a watershed moment. Reformists within the Communist Party of China were stripped of power and reassigned to ceremonial roles. Former Premier Zhao Ziyang was never  rehabilitated and spent his final 15 years under house arrest. Shanghais mayor, Jiang Zemin, who had moved quickly to quell protests in that city, replaced Zhao as the Partys General Secretary. Since that time, political agitation has been extremely muted in China. The government and the majority of citizens alike have focused on economic reform and prosperity, rather than political reform. Because the Tiananmen Square Massacre is a taboo subject, most Chinese under the age of 25 have never even heard about it.  Websites  that mention the June 4 Incident are blocked in China. Even decades later, the people and the government of China have not dealt with this momentous and tragic incident. The memory of the Tiananmen Square Massacre festers under the surface of everyday life for those old enough to recall it. Someday, the Chinese government will have to face this piece of its history. For a very powerful and disturbing take on the Tiananmen Square Massacre, see the PBS Frontline special The Tank Man, available to view online. Sources Roger V. Des Forges, Ning Luo, Yen-bo Wu.  Chinese Democracy and the Crisis of 1989: Chinese and American Reflections, (New York: SUNY Press, 1993) PBS, Frontline: The Tank Man, April 11, 2006. U.S. National Security Briefing Book. Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History, posted by George Washington University. Zhang Liang.  The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leaderships Decision to Use Force Against Their Own People - In Their Own Words, ed. Andrew J. Nathan and Perry Link, (New York: Public Affairs, 2001)

Unit Plan Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Unit Plan Design - Essay Example By using a Webquest research project, the students will learn how the survival of organisms is affected by human activity, and seek ways to minimize this human impact on local populations. They will prepare a presentation to the conservation board of the area they come from whereby they provide a description of the needs of the species that they have been researching and provide practical and economically viable solutions that can guarantee its survival. There are five habits of learning taxonomy. These are: analysis which requires connecting, comparing and appraising data; synthesis which involves proposing, planning and formulation; evaluation which concerns predicting, assessing, supporting and defending; problem solving; and finally, thinking flexibly. There are numerous ways that two organisms can interact with one another: this could be parasite/host, predator/prey, or producer/consumer relationship. The organism can also decompose or scavenge another. There may be competitive or mutually beneficial relationships. Some species have adopted a symbiotic relationship, adapting to each other to the extent that neither can survive alone. Some ecosystems can be relatively stable over several thousands of years. There are environmental factors that hold in check the growth of any population of organisms. These include exhaustion of food or nesting sites or loss of numbers due to predation or diseases. In situation of disasters such as fire or floods, there is a high chance of the damaged ecosystem recovering in stages that finally lead to a system almost the same as the original ecosystem. Ecosystems seem to have recurring fluctuations around a state of rough equilibrium just like many other complex systems. Ultimately, the ecosystems change when there is change in climate or when more species are introduced as a result of migration or local evolution. The students will be given

Malaysia and Hong kong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Malaysia and Hong kong - Essay Example In this concern, majority of the economists have developed their ideas focusing on the educational criterion of the economy to promote knowledge-based society. Notably, the governmental bodies can play a significant role in accumulating the public sector with the private sector in this regard and promote the educational background of the economy. This shall not only stimulate the economic growth with lower rate of unemployment, but shall also rejuvenate the economic competitiveness (Wilson, J. P., â€Å"Human Resource Development: Learning & Training for Individuals & Organizations†). The fact can be well identified in the recent economic development of Hong Kong. Since the initiation of the 21st century several analysts have been observing the trend of Hong Kong in terms of its Human Resources. Mr. Tung Chee-Hwa played a major role in stimulating the need of knowledge-based society in order to enhance the affectivity of the Human Resources of Hong Kong. Mr. Tung was designate d as the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). His ‘Policy Addresses’, for consecutive few years, were based on the requirements and the importance of a knowledge-based society. For instance, his 2000 Policy Address outlined the series of measures to be customized by the government in order to improve the infrastructure of the economy. This in turn shall facilitate its objective of gaining the advantages of a knowledge-based society. It is worth mentioning that Mr. Tung’s initiation to develop the economy into an innovative and knowledge-based society made it a prior concern for the governmental bodies until 2003. Stating precisely, as suggested by Mr. Tung, the objective could be attained effectively providing extra strength to the four chiefly categorized economic pillars, i.e. logistics, finance, producer services and tourism sector. Furthermore, to ensure these strategies the governmental framework initiated to push value add ed industries. Hence, the governmental supervision played a crucial role in enhancing Hong Kong’s Human Resources and in turn stipulating the economic competitiveness (Wong, G., â€Å"Taking stock of Hong Kong's Human Resources†). 1.2. Role of Human Capital in Developing Economic Competitiveness According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), human capital is defined as â€Å"The knowledge, skills, competencies and attributes embodied in individuals that facilitate the creation of personal, social, and economic well-being† (OECD, â€Å"The Well-being of Nations: The Role of Human and Social Capital†). Apparently identifiable from the provided definition, human capital is quite important to reward stability and competency to the economy irrespective of its present status. As further communicated by the OECD report, efficiency in terms of human capital can be attained through an enhanced education and training system to impro ve the knowledge base of the society (OECD, â€Å"The Well-being of Nations: The Role of Human and Social Capital†). It is in this context that the concept of knowledge-based economy is gaining a growing importance in the

Jesus Wants Us to Treat People Equal Essay Example for Free

Jesus Wants Us to Treat People Equal Essay Jesus wants us to treat others as equal. Matthew 22:39 says â€Å"And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself† (James, 1973). Jesus treated people whom he came into contact with as equals. Although he had the power to walk on water, cause the lame to walk and the blind to see. Jesus still thought himself no greater than those that were around them, he loved them all. From the prostitutes, to the thieves and even the tax collectors, Jesus treated us all the same. What that in part tells us is that, we should take time to care for all those who are around us, not just the ones we think are on our level. Whether they may be seniors, peers, or even subordinates. This is not only the right thing to do, but as time move on it allows others to feel more comfortable about us and improves our relationship. Jesus educated them. A lot of workplaces have adopted the unwritten rule of the more you know the more valuable you are. This leads some to believe that information gained should be information held from others. Then, as time passes that person moves on and no one else is knowledge of that job criteria and overall the company fails. Jesus did not believe that, he empowered everyone with the same knowledge that he had. As Christians, we should give everyone the same training and education that we have. Jesus managed from the inside out. Many times we spend time reaching out and pleasing others, that we forget about the ones that are close to us, although we may have good intentions. In the business world, it is best that everyone from the CEO to the janitor know what is going on in the organization. This allows input from all levels that will make the overall mission of the team easier to obtain.

Artificial Heart Devices Essay -- essays research papers

Artificial Heart Devices In its never ending pursuit of advancement, science has reached a crucial biotechnological plateau, the creation of artificial organs. Such a concept may seem easy to comprehend until one considers the vast knowledge required to provide a functional substitute for one of nature's creations. One then realizes the true immensity of this breakthrough. Since ancient times, humans have viewed the heart as more than just a physical part of the body. It has been thought the seat of the soul, the source of emotion, and the center of each individual's existence. For many years, doctors and researchers left the heart untouched because they thought it was too delicate, too crucial to withstand the rigors of surgery. However, the innate human desire to achieve brought about the invention of the artificial heart. The potential for such inventions are enormous. According to the American Heart Association, there are between 16,000 and 40,000 possible recipients of artificial heart devices under the age of sixty-five. If perfected, it would enable us to save thousands of human lives. In considering the full impact of artificial heart devices on society, we must not narrow our thinking to include only the beneficial possibilities. There exist moral, ethical, and economic factors that accompany these new innovations to humanity. Who will receive these brilliant inventions? Obviously not all of the patients will get transplants, so selection criteria must be established. The high price of artificial heart devices and their implantation will eliminate some candidates. Unfortunately, this is not fair. The rich, in essence, can buy life, whereas the poor are abandoned to die in a diseased state. A thorough analysis of the implications of the implantation of such devices reveals not only selection and economic consideration, but mortality and ethics as well. Many contest that it is simply wrong to tamper with the ways and creations of nature. By prolonging life through unnatural means were are defeating natures foremost tenet of the "survival of the fittest." We are preserving the weaker gene pools and contributing to the deterioration of the human species. These and other considerations play a vital role in determining the artificial transplants actual benefit to the contemporary world and the world of tomorrow. A... ...evices for the heart will definitely have a great impact on society. This can be classified in two major ways: financial problems and population problems. Of course, increased use of artificial heart devices in medicine is going to increase the financial burden on society. The potential gains will be substantial when the lives of many productive individuals can be saved. The extent of the financial burden depends largely upon the number of patients who benefit from the artificial valve, the availability of the device, and improvements in its efficiency and dependability. In the long run, worldwide utility of the artificial valve technology would increase the world population. Overpopulation is already the root of many of the world's crises. The many debates concerning artificial heart implantation as a medical technique each have their own significance, and each deserves thorough consideration. Before we rush headlong into complete employment of the devices in medicine, we must evaluate the moral, social, ethical, arguments. Hopefully we can reach a decision that blends all of the aforementioned considerations into a harmonious existence, working to the maximum benefit of society.

Justice, Crime and Ethics Essay

Justice is mainly concerned with the appropriate ordering of persons and things within the society. Thus when one is aggrieved by another person, he or she is supposed to seek justice to be administered on the person who has violated the rights of the other. Thus the person whose rights are violated is not supposed to take law on his hands and punish the person who has violated his rights but is supposed to seek justice from competent bodies in the land which have the mandate of administering justice. This is very important to the society as it enables the members of the society to live in harmony and to have standard means by which they can seek legal redress (McCarthy, & McCarthy, 2001). Crime can be regarded as actions that lead to the violation of the set rules and regulations which have been set by the government. A crime can also arise as a result of a person’s behavior deviating from the prevailing norms as set by cultural standards which stipulate the manner in which the behavior of human being ought to be. When a crime is committed to a person in respect to personal or private rights a civil crime is said to have taken place whereas when the nature of the crime is that which violates public law then a criminal offence is said to have taken place. For the society to live in an orderly manner there is need for existence of laws that govern the conduct of its members so that no member of the society has his rights violated and in case they are violated then there should be competent means by which they are addressed (McCarthy, & McCarthy, 2001). Read more:Â  Justice Denied is Justice Delayed Ethics basically refers to a situation where one feels under duty to behave morally, in so doing a person avoids acting in a manner that is likely to cause harm to other people within the society. Actions which are ethically motivated results into a situation where majority of the society members are affected by such decisions in positive way. Ethics addresses the determination of moral values, how it is possible to attain the desired moral outcomes, how moral agency or capacity develops in certain situations and the kind of moral values that members of the society should abide by (McCarthy, & McCarthy, 2001). The criminal justice process is a procedure through which the person who is responsible for violating the laws of the land is actually sued in order to determine whether the alleged person actually committed the offence as claimed by the plaintiff. This is usually done in a court of law where the defendant is given a chance to defend himself. The court then determines whether the defendant is guilty or not before passing its judgment (McCarthy, & McCarthy, 2001).

Business †Accounting Essay

In the file ACC 561 Week 3 Discussion Question 1 you will find right answers on the following task: â€Å"Select a costing method: process, job, or activity based. Describe the nature of your chosen method. What types of organizations should choose that method? How is this method different from the costing methods you did not choose? Use your selected costing method to create a real-life business management scenario that includes realistic numbers. What management decisions may one make based on your scenario?† Business – Accounting Alternative Costing Methods The text presents job and processing costing systems as virtual â€Å"polar extremes,† there are many situations where it may be best for a company to use a hybrid system that combines attributes of both systems. Describe such a situation and discuss how the hybrid system may be better than either pure job or pure process systems. Think Twice Assume you own a business that makes two complementary products for which you allocated manufacturing overhead proportionally. A competitor is trying to undercut your price for one of the products. How might ABC costing help you better compete with this pending threat? Activity Base Costing- How do managers cost products or services using ABC systems? When should managers consider using an ABC costing system? How should they decide to adopt this method? Alternative Costing Methods I would like you all to select a costing method: process, job, or activity  based. Describe the nature of your chosen method. What types of organizations should choose that method? How is this method different from the costing methods you did not choose? I have implemented a job costing system in my company. If you were my corporate controller, how would you implement a job-costing system? Why is process costing a better costing method for cert†¦ Follow the link to get tutorial – https://bitly.com/12BiSuQ College is a great time for young people to find themselves and to really find out what they are made of. However, there is a lot to learn. Some students only really become comfortable at college when it’s about time to leave! Don’t let that be you. Here are some great college tips. Business – Accounting Alternative Costing Methods The text presents job and processing costing systems as virtual â€Å"polar extremes,† there are many situations where it may be best for a company to use a hybrid system that combines attributes of both systems. Describe such a situation and discuss how the hybrid system may be better than either pure job or pure process systems. Think Twice Assume you own a business that makes two complementary products for which you allocated manufacturing overhead proportionally. A competitor is trying to undercut your price for one of the products. How might ABC costing help you better compete with this pending threat? Activity Base Costing- How do managers cost products or services using ABC systems? When should managers consider using an ABC costing system? How should they decide to adopt this method? Alternative Costing Methods I would like you all to select a costing method: process, job, or activity based. Describe the nature of your chosen method. What types of organizations should choose that method? How is this method different from the costing methods you did not choose? I have implemented a job costing system in my company. If you were my corporate controller, how would you implement a job-costing system? Why is process costing a better costing method for certain industries? What would happen if they used a job costing system? Can we explain three major source documents and how they are used in job costing systems? Why are these source documents needed?

The Financial Bailout and CEO Bonuses essays

The Financial Bailout and CEO Bonuses essays During the mist of a financial crisis in 2008, nine of the top US banks paid out over $32 billion in bonuses to its top executives. While this may seem like a common practice, those same financial institutions received over $175 billion in federal bailout assistance (1). While rewarding top executives is a common practice used to bring extremely talented individuals into the organization, is it right to use the tax payers money? Before we discuss the ethical implications of CEOs lining their pockets with Federal money, lets back it up a bit. Was the 2008 bank bailout really necessary? The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 was enacted in order to counter the sub-prime mortgage crisis that almost led to the collapse of the US financial institution. The plan involved injecting $700 billion into US financial institutions (3). According to U.S. Treasury Secretary-designate Timothy Geithner, I think if that had not been done at that time, I think we would be facing, really, a catastrophic failure in our financial system 4. If you take a utilitarianism approach, we can see that even though what may seem as a large price to pay to bailout a few corporations, it is still a lot better than what would happen if we had a repeat of the Great Depression. In essence, the bailout benefited the economy as a whole. So, we can safely say that the government bailout was necessary and moral. However, the moral implications of a federal bailout are not in question. Its the executives from the institutions that are getting bailed out that are receiving large bonuses that raise a moral dilemma. In order to apply the utilitarianism principle here, we must prove that in fact the benefits far out way the consequences. So, the question we must ask is, are these executives worth it? What do they bring to these financial institutions that constitute millions of dollars in compensation? O...

Troubles with Academic Papers Essay Writing App List is at Your Service!

Troubles with Academic Papers Essay Writing App List is at Your Service! Troubles with Academic Papers? Essay Writing App List is at Your Service! If you are having trouble with your academic papers, there is help available. You can get an essay writing app to lend you a hand. There are many suitable writing apps for essay crafting which help students to avoid succumbing to distractions. They are also designed to help them better manage their time so that academic papers do not seem impossible. Below are 7 essay writing apps which are best suited for students: iA writer It is an app with a clear interface which is very easy to use. It helps students to write articles, essays, or poems in no time without difficult settings or complicated interfaces. Pages Students who use Apple technologies can turn to Pages. This app lets them create documents, edit them, and view them no matter where they are. This is particular beneficial for students because it affords them the opportunity to write down an epiphany, a change, or an edit to something whenever creativity sparks. When sitting on a bus, or reflecting before bed, students might have a great idea perfect for their next paper which they can write down instantly. There are also templates already available for download, so that students can make reports or essays easily. After this, students can share the files they have made with teachers or other students. Articles This app lets students research easily for their upcoming project, putting together chapters, maps, and a table of contents for the writing they have. This makes it easy to trace notes and keep track of research. Plain Text It works as a text editor and has a simple interface which looks strikingly similar to that of a piece of paper. The best feature associated with this app is the ability to create documents and organize them in a folder, then sync that folder with Dropbox. When taking notes, downloading journal articles, and typing multiple drafts, this feature works incredibly well for students. Notebooks This is an app which lets students create content and organize digital notes. Students can divide their research into sub projects and then cross reference the items they have filed. Additionally students can keep track of PDF pages, word documents, and Excel documents too. Papers It is a wonderful app for research, as it allows students the opportunity to browse hundreds of articles online and in a personalized library, and then search for the articles based on name or title. Students can then rate the articles for quality and utilize a built-in citation and reference feature to create their bibliography easily. Clean Writer It keeps writing to a minimum with automatic saving, integration for Dropbox and even email sending, so students can automatically send their email content to themselves or to other people. Overall, there are many great essay writing services and applications available which make it easier for students to get their academic work done on time. No longer do students need to suffer alone. Now there are apps to help get through even the most difficult writing assignments.

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Global Warming - Essay Example In broader terms, environmental degradation entails destruction of eco systems, over-use of natural resources and extinction of animal and plant species. Natural occurrences such as volcanoes, intense rainfall and earthquakes, may cause degradation of the environment. However, ecosystems have adapted to the effect of these natural occurrences. Moreover, in scale these effects have minimal impact compared to those because of human activities. Therefore, governments and individuals have been called upon to come together to begin acting to reduce the harm (â€Å"Definition of environmental degradation†). Currently, environmental degradation is an issue that requires immediate action because of the escalating rate at which it has been occurring, making it hard for the ecosystem to convalesce. The following include some of the human activities that have contributed to environmental degradation Pollution is considered as the major cause of ozone layer depletion owing to the release of chlorofluorocarbons- CFCs, as they rise into the troposphere causing the depletion. These coupled with acid rain and smog has led to air pollution. Industrial processes and automobiles are responsible for the release and as such, governments have been asked to tax the companies for the emissions. A rise in population has led to a strain on natural resources as needs have increased. Increase in population goes hand in hand with urbanization, which is associated with adverse environmental effects due to high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Similarly, the higher the population the higher the lever of pollution owing to significant amounts emissions to the atmosphere. In essence, the average amount of carbon dioxide produced increases as the population grows, which increases the global temperatures. Climate change has been directly linked to poverty owing to the negative effects it has on the economic capacity of

EMBA 530 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Discussion initial post Essay - 1

EMBA 530 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Discussion initial post - Essay Example On the other hand, many new ventures provide generic services such as restaurants, barber shops or beauty salons, car repair shops, and similar common (versus radical) products. The fact that ventures tend to fail more than succeed is evident in the tendency of venture capitalists to be more confident in predicting the failure rather than success of proposed ventures (Landstrom, 2007). This myth states that most successful enterprises are serendipitously born from some revelation of a revolutionary new product or technology. Far from the truth, because all enterprises set out with much risk and doubt, and the business owners would have endured several setbacks and would have changed their plans multiple instances before they would have achieved success in their business. In fact, corporate ventures (set up by large incumbent firms) are more successful at pursuing radical innovations than are small entrepreneurial ventures, because of the more advanced technical support and steadier financial assurance from the large corporation (Czarnitzki, Dick & Hussinger, 2010). It is necessary to keep tax rates low so entrepreneurs could reap rewards that would keep them motivated in their enterprises. Actually, this is true to some extent because entrepreneurial profits are lower in states with higher marginal tax rates (Ortmans, 2011). What is not true, however, is that high tax rates are the only disincentives to entrepreneurs. There are many other factors that tend to discourage entrepreneurs or cause enterprises to fail. One of these is complex accounting methods and reporting requirement. Another is the bureaucratic bias against enterprises that compel the firm to hire specialists and professionals to duly advise them. But probably the most important disincentive is the thousands of regulations, such as employment and health-care regulations by federal and state agencies, which erode the scarce capital and investment resources of the small business. These and a

Global marketing strategy and product launch Essay

Global marketing strategy and product launch - Essay Example Besides providing an opportunity to the people to go beyond the ordinary, Dinner in the Sky’s mission is to provide a perfect environment to the customers with friendly services and utmost satisfaction (Mills et al, 2003). The restaurant marks its presence in more than 15 countries (Dinnerinthesky.com, 2012). The focus and the gist of this report would be to present the opportunity which the market of Pakistan presents Dinner in the Sky and to present a marketing plan and an audit of the market in order to successfully launch Dinner in the Sky in Pakistan. ... The idea of taking the diners literally in the sky and serving scrumptious food is being widely accepted throughout where the restaurant operates. The restaurant’s main aim is to provide a service and an experience which no one else in the market is providing. The big idea is to cater the client’s lavish needs of conducting their events such as important meetings, marriages etc in the sky but the primary purpose of the entity is to provide an ultimate dining experience to the customers. The restaurant’s vision is to mark its presence globally and promote the idea throughout the world (Dinnerinthesky.com, 2012). In line with the restaurant’s aim to promote the idea globally, Dinner in the Sky will launch its services in Karachi, which is the business hub of Pakistan. The market presents a good opportunity to the restaurant with a growing middle class. As the economic trend show a rise of investment and economic activity in the Asian countries, Dinner in the Sky must grab this business opportunity. Not only the economic side seems favorable but the marketing aspect of the market in accordance with Dinner in the Sky’s aims and objectives compliment the launching of the venture (Hotel, Restaurant & Tourism Directory of Pakistan, 2009; State Bank of Pakistan, 2011). 2 Environmental Analysis: 2.1 Political and Economic Analysis: Karachi, as mentioned above is the business hub of Pakistan. Apart from that, Karachi also is a home of people coming from many cultures and background. This becomes reason for some political disturbance in the city however, the higher end areas of the city, i.e. Clifton, Muhammad Ali Jinnah Society, Tariq Road, Defense Housing Authority remain calm (Hashmi, 1965). Apart from this, the economy of Pakistan is growing at a steady rate. Its

Integrated Marketing Communication Program for Jeans

Integrated Marketing Communication Program for Jeans Executive summary: Various jeans industry such as Denim, Levis, and Disney etc. design various integrated marketing program. Although common objective of all IMC program is increase brand awareness, sale and design a unique image in customers mind. In order to address and attract customer all jeans industry launch various campaign. To communicate with public and customers they advertise their campaign on TV, magazine, online and radio. Through their advertisement they want to design their brand image in customer mind. Besides advertisement, they also carried out promotion activity, public relation, direct marketing etc. Direct marketing is although time consuming but most effective tool for communication. Various jeans industry also organizes various events in order to communicate properly with customers, for example Aadharshila Brand solution was planning to launch an event called â€Å"JEAN JANOON† for their client â€Å"The HUB† a multi brand outlet for apparel. Main purpose of this event is to increase the sale of jeans. Before designing IMC program this company carried out market research in order to judge customers behaviors toward jeans. For research they design the strategy for â€Å"JEAN JANOON† event. During the event they decided to get feedback from customer who visits â€Å"The HUB† multiband retail outlet so that appropriate primary data can be collected for designing IMC strategy for â€Å"The HUB†. Before designing integrated marketing communication program it is necessary to judge consumers behavior toward jeans , it is necessary to known customers liking and disliking, these data provide various support during designing of IMC program. Although there are various media available for communicating but Printads in magazine and news paper is seen most effective medium followed by television. After Research survey done by various jeans company, it has been found that male respondents were less brand conscious than female. There is no particular fashion trend among males, but females are more conscious towards seasonal fashion trends. â€Å"Fitting† and â€Å"style† are the major attributes considered by customer while buying jeans. Marketing plan plan Situation Analysis: Every organization faces a lot of problem at present time so it became necessary for every organization that before setting any objective carried out situation analysis in order to recognize strength, weakness, opportunities and threat present in our organization. According to Sally and John, marketing plans are â€Å"the written document or blueprint for implementing and controlling an organizations marketing activities related to a particular marketing strategy† . A successful marketing plan is able to improve organizations profits and growth, uses in objective setting and monitors results. So to gain a successful market plan it is necessary to to understand the current situation comprehensively and trends affecting the future of the organization.There are two major reasons to explain why situation analysis plays a vital role in developing marketing plan. Firstly, dynamic marketing environment will lead to uncertainty, threats and opportunities for marketers. Marketing managers who success to know changes in environment through situation analysis can lead their companies to capitalize on opportunities and cope with threats created by changes. Then, systematically analyzing situational environments in order to identify our customers and understand their needs. There are certain opportunities in jeans industry, such as increase women wear collection, increase market and market share through integrated PR, and advertisement and promotional campaign. Besides opportunities there is a lot of threat that create barrier for entry in to jeans industry. These threats are as follow: Increasing competition in ethical fashion Ethical brand is not taken seriously by public High price and loyalty decrease loyalty toward brand Main objective behind situation analysis is to known analyze customer, competitor and there strategy. Marketing objective: After situation analysis we became able to known our organization strength, weakness, opportunities and threat present in environment. It provides a lot of support in setting of objective. There may be a lot of marketing objective, some are as follow: Increase market share To create new successful denim and clothing rang and expand it to convert not user in to user. Increase sale by 50% in 6 month from the launch of public campaign Create awareness among target audience. Use excessive advertising especially using media preferred by the target market. Create product belonging and position among buyers mind Marketing strategies: Toachieve these objective we implement various strategy. Target market: Urban personality: Affluent young professional Prosperous young professional Students and cosmopolitan Marketing Mix Strategies : Main aim of various jeans industry to produce high quality jeans in various qualities such as five packet jeans in various size. This is mostly done to capture youth attention. They produce jeans in various colour to capture more market share. Must of jeans brand such as levis, denim, dem lea diesel jeans jump in to Indian market by producing high quality of jeans Pricing range from 4.7 $ to 9.5$. Jeans do not need too much promotion. It is done mostly by fair, E – commerce and agent The distribution channels for jeans industry are as follows. MANUFACTURER (COMPANY) WHOLESELLER JEANS SEND TO RETAILER CUSTOMER Internal Process It is as follows. Sample Cutting Stitching Washing Pressing and labeling Finishing Dispatched to store Packing and containers Explanation The sample is first send by the buyer. Its called a gold seal sample. In cutting dept, one piece is placed on the other and in this way a bundle of 50 Jeans is made. Then the cutter cuts it. In the stitching dept, front end or the upper part is made. Then backend is made and they are assembled together in the assembly end. Then the belt is made. Washing can be done by simple garment wash or through the stone wash and chemicals. It is done according to the buyers request. In Pressing and labeling dept, the Jeans are pressed and then labeled for identification. In finishing dept, the quality of jeans is checked and mistakes are rectified. Then the Jeans dispatched to the store. Then packing is done. It is done according to the buyers request. Then they are sent to the containers. Samples of Product; Implementation tactics : Launch a blind ad campaign on billboards and magazines in all A class areas of major cities and magazine. Heavy advertising on TV, newspapers and magazines Set displays of jeans in showrooms and major dealer outlets in all cities. Reduce number of billboards, television and magazines advertisements. Continue Advertising Evaluation, Monitoring and Control: Goal of marketing plan is to achieve market objective that are established before implementation of marketing plan. We evaluate and control our strategic tactic by comparing our result with standard established before setting of plan, by measuring customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. If result is less than our standard than there any is default in implementation and monitoring. The people who are responsible for the monitoring and control of the marketing plan involves, the Marketing Executives, Sales Managers, Media Managers, Market Research Departments, and the Production Managers. Some activities must be carried out for precisely and closely evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies and tactics for example the gathering and structuring of data regarding market, product, consumers and the pricing trends, then the generation of daily sales report should be maintained and then in the end continuous reconfirming of the marketing budget and activities by the managers of different divisions. The Integrated Marketing Communication Plan Integrated Marketing Communications is a term used to describe a holistic approach to marketing communication. It aims to ensure consistency of message and the complementary use of media. The concept includes online and offline marketing channels. Online marketing channels include any e-marketing campaigns or programs, pay-per-click, affiliate, email, banner to latest web related channels for webinar, blog, micro-blogging, RSS, podcast, and Internet TV. Offline marketing channels are traditional print (newspaper, magazine), mail order, public relations, industry relations, billboard, radio, and television. A company develops its integrated marketing communication programme using all the elements of the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) So Integrated marketing communication is integration of all marketing tools, approaches, and resources within a company which maximizes impact on consumer mind and which results into maximum profit at minimum cost. Promotional activities include Advertising, sales promotion, and personal selling activities. It also includes internet marketing, sponsorship marketing, direct marketing, database marketing and public relations. And integration of all these promotional tools along with other components of marketing mix to gain edge over competitor is called Integrated Marketing Communication. Situational analysis: First of all we carried out we carried out situation analysis in order to unedrtood problem. In this we identify our compititors and their strategy for example Levi carried out compititor analysis and find out various strategy adopted by Tommy Hilfiger, JNCO, VF Corporation, Gap, Calvin Klein, Diesel and Paris Blues. After situation analysis Levy Strauss Company find out thattheCalifornia gold rush outfitter whose trademark blue jeans have been an American clothing staple for generations, had fallen on hard times by 2004 and needed a change in strategic direction.After seven consecutive years of falling sales, profits turned to losses in 2003. Management responded to the decline by moving its manufacturing plants offshore and by introducing a new line of discount jeans at Wal-Mart.It also considered selling off its Dockers casual pants unit in order to focus on its jeans business. Under situation analysis we also analyze financial position of company. IMC objective: There are various IMC objective set by jeans company after situation analysis in order to accomplish their goal. Some of objective are as follow: To Increase sale by 50% in six month To Increase brand awareness To Increase customer loyality To Increase desire of customer To Increase repeat purchase To measure customer satisfaction To create relationship with customer on personal level To control and observe public opinion To receive feedback from customer on regular basis Media objectivesstate the impact that you expect to have on an audience in terms of reach and frequency. Objectives must meet the following criteria: Measurability Quantifiability Realism time-specificity Budget determination: We need to establish what amount of money will be needed to achieve the IMC objectives.Although there is various methods present to determine what amount of money invest on IMC. These methods are as follow: Affordable Method Percentage of Sales Method Unit of Sales Method Zero Budgeting Method Inaffordable methodwe invest money on IMC as soon as we can afford. However inPercentage of Sales Methodamount of money invest on IMC tool depend on what amount of sale we expect to achieve during course of year. These percentages are mostly adhoc and sometime based on judgment. InUnit of Sales MethodCompany allocate a certain proportion of cost of product to promotion. Thus say if ex factory cost of the product is say Rs 100/ the company will allot Rs.10/- toward promotion cost. Hence if company expects sale 10,000 unit of the product, thus allocated IMC budget will be Rs.100.000/-. In Zero Budgeting Method, company determine what need to achieve in term of sale and then rework backward in term of what money will be needed to be allocate to deliver those customers. Thus if company believe that in order to achieve their sales, 10,000 customers need to purchase their jeans once during the planning period than it will work out what number of prospective customers will needed to be tar geted through ATL and BTL activity, in order to achieve that result. IMC Methodologies There are various component of integrated marketing communication that is as follow: Advertisement Advertisement is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas or products by an identified sponsor. Objective of any ads is to increase brand awareness. Objectives: There are mostly three objective of advertisement compaign, that are as follow: Inform Persuade Remind Inform: Informative advertising, seeks to tell the market about the jeans, explain the new quality added in jeans, provide information on pricing, and build awareness of both the jeans quality and the company. Such objectives are normally pursued at the launch of a new quality jeans, or re-launch / up-date of an existing jean. Persuade: Here objectives are to encourage the target audience to switch brands, make the purchase, and create a preference in the market for the jeans as opposed to its competition. Advertising of this nature is required in highly competitive markets, where a range of jeans design competes directly with each other. In such circumstances businesses often seek to differentiate their jeans through Comparison Advertising – either directly or indirectly comparing its jeans to that of its competitors. Remind: Reminder Advertising, is used to maintain interest and awareness of a well established jeans brand in the market, often in the latter stages of its product life cycle. It is often used at the Point-of-Purchase to remind consumers of the Brand. Advertisement budget: Having identified advertising objectives, the advertising budget must be set. Determining exactly how much a business should spend on advertising to achieve the desired level of sales. Commonly, the decision is based on past experience of expenditure on advertising, and the sales subsequently achieved. There are however a number of factors that can be considered in setting the advertising budget Factors influencing the setting of advertising Budgets: Product life cycle stage:New products in the Launch stage of their Product Life Cycle, will normally require greater expenditure on advertising to create product awareness, and encourage consumers to trial the product. Whilst products that have reached Maturity in their product life cycle, will often require smaller advertising budgets to achieve the level of sales required. Competition:The number of competitors in the market, and their expenditure on advertising competing products, will influence a business to spend to a similar or higher degree. Product Differentiation:A product very similar to other products on the market may require greater expenditure on advertising to differentiate it from its competitors. Advertising Strategy: Developing an Advertising Strategy to achieve the objectives of a campaign, requires that consideration be given to both the ‘Message which will be communicated and the ‘Media through which it will be sent Advertising Message An advertising campaign, no matter how much money is spent, no matter what media is used, will only be successful if the Message appeals to the target audience. Given the level of advertising which bombards the average consumer, a successful advertising message must stand out amongst the advertising clutter. Thus marketing professionals are required to be creative, imaginative and innovative in developing the advertising message, both in terms of what is said, and How it is said? What is said This is often referred to as the ‘Big Idea, and will normally address the key benefits sought by the target audience, motivating the audience to pay attention. Given the constant search for new ways to appeal to target audiences, it is difficult to categories the content of advertising messages which a business may send, below we include a couple of examples of actual message strategy. During delivery of advertisement massage in customer mind take the personality symbol, lifestyle and musical as consideration. In addition the tone of the advertisement will need to be established, which can be either positive or negative. The advert may therefore promote positive feelings of fun, contentment, and happiness or take on a more negative, somber, or even threatening tone. Selecting Advertising Media: In addition to deciding upon the content, style and tone of the advertising message, the media through which the message will be communicated to the target audience must also be selected. Mostly for jeans advertisement we select media such as magazine, newspaper and outdoor. TV rarely used for advertisement of jeans. In order to select the most appropriate media, consideration must should be given to various advantage and disadvantage of various media. Strengths and weakness of various media are as given below: Television : Strengths Dynamic attention getting media, combining visual, sound and animated stimulus. Strong potential Impact High market coverage Good at demonstrating products Weaknesses: Highly expensive Poor at communicating lengthy technical information Newspapers: Strengths: Targeting is possible through profiling readership Good level of market coverage Weaknesses: Static media, not suitable for product demonstration Potential for poor reproduction, sometimes limited to black and white print Short-life span, i.e. todays newspapers become tomorrows rubbish Magazines: Strengths: High quality reproduction, of color images Targeting is possible through specialist publications Good pass on readership Weaknesses: Static media, not suitable for product demonstration Lengthy lead-time between advert being placed and magazine being published Outdoor: Strengths: High repeat exposure to advert Relatively low cost Low levels of competition, in terms of advertising clutter Weaknesses: Limited audience selectivity / targeting possible Static media, not suitable for product demonstrations Difficult to monitor effectiveness â€Å"Make them your own† is the name of the campaign launched by Levis to boost the sale of Denim jeans. This is one of the most aggressive marketing and advertising strategy followed by Levis to move up the sales. The theme of this marketing campaign is narcissistic youth. It will feature youth who will check themselves out in Denim blue jeans. The advertising will target the age group of 18 – 24 years. Mostly levy also select TV, Magazine, and Newspaper as a media for delivering there massage about their product in customer mind. PRINT Ads: This ad focus on that even in bad time our company ABC produce good quality of product in comparison to our competitor. ABC Company compares their product with competitors in quality and design. Through this ads company want to show that our product is superior in quality and design. Sale promotion: Sale promotion is collection of various consumers and trade promotional tool such as rebate, discount, gift, contest, coupons, price deal, contest game, sampling etc. to increase sale of products. There are certain objectives of sale promotion. However main objective is to increase immediate sale because Sales Managers are under great pressure to produce results quickly. Objective: There are certain objectives of sale promotion that are as follow: To increase immediate customer sale To increase support among the marketers sales force. To gain the support of the trade in marketing the product Reasons for Growth of Sales Promotion: There are number of reason for growth of company in sale promotion some are as follow: Increasing Competition Due to increase in competition, companies are finding it increasingly difficult to compete on quality. They are therefore resorting to more innovative methods of sales promotion. In order to have a competitive advantage over its competitors like Levis, Pepe, Killer and others, Spykar Jeans, once a year has a grand sale of up to 50%. Customers Have Become More Price Sensitive: The increase price sensitivity is direct result of rampant inflation. Economic support this trend further, as a result customers and dealer became more sensitive toward price. If the customers get branded jeans at half the actual price, then they are definitely going to make huge purchases of Spykar Jeans because they want value for their money, as they are price sensitive. Sales Promotions Generally Create an Immediate Positive Impact on Sales: Advertising, personal selling and other methods of promotion produce slower impact on sales in compared to sales promotion. Sales promotions are mostly for short duration, for a specified period, leading to a sense of urgency in consumers to buy now. This creates an immediate positive impact on sales. Products have become more standardized: In many product categories there is proliferation of brand or line extension and me too many brands. Most of brand perceived by consumer varies little in price. Due to this it became very difficult for advertiser to reposition their product in customers mind. Due to which they focus on more and more on sale promotion to get immediate result. Advertising Has Become More Expensive and Less Effective: All the advertising media have become quite expensive. Audio-visual medium, which is considered as the most effective for short-duration ads, may cost in excess of Rs. 1 lakh for a 10 second exposure during prime time. In many cases, consumers have reached a point of boredom due to excessive advertising on TV. Firms with small budgets cannot compete with big companies, which spend huge sums of money on advertising. For these small budget firms, sales promotion is a more cost-effective promotion method to produce sales results. Trade Has Become More Powerful: At present time Retailers and wholesalers have became more powerful and demand extra facility from company to promote their product. Company has no other alternative. Besides these there are also various kind reason such as Excess Stocks, Impulse Buying Is Increasing, Sales Promotions Maximize Profits etc. Promotion Strategies: Promotional strategy is mostly run to change consumers behavior, to increase brand image, to increase profit, to increase sale of various good. There are mostly two kind of sale promotion, one is directed toward consumer and other one is directed toward trade such as dealer, supplier, retailer etc. Consumer sale promotion tool: There are a lot of promotional tool used to increase sale. Consumer sale promotion is directed toward consumer. It stimulate consumer to purchase their product rapidly. There are a lot of tool that are as follow: Price deal: Price deal is temporary reduction in price of product. There are two type of deal: cents-off deals and price-pack deals. Price deal is given at various times to stimulate purchase of jeans. Coupon: A coupon is typically a printed certificate giving the bearer a stated price reduction or special value on a specific product, generally for a specific period. Various company issue various kind of coupon that contain various discount price , customer get the advantage of this discount and purchase jeans at low price. Offer: There are various kind of gift is offer by various jeans industry. For example the branding magazine said that the Gap will be conducting a marketing campaign centered on the idea that your favorite songs and your favorite jeans, Gap jeans, make the perfect fit. Customers who try on a pair of the retailers new jeans will receive a free iTMS download. The campaign will be marketed with print and TV ads, and will feature TV commercials with musicians singing covers of their favorite song while wearing Gap jeans. The company will be offering those collected covers in a CD at retail Gap locations for customers who make a US$60 or more Gap purchase. Premium: Sometime various companies like Levy, Denim etc. offer some gift or at bargain price to encourage customer buying. Sampling: Some company like American eagles to known customer feedback provide free simple of various jeans according to their preference. Advertising Specialities: Advertising specialities also call a promotional product. It mostly given to our loyal customers. It includes various card like birthday card, New Year card. It is mostly done to retain old customer. Trade sale promotion tool: Objectives of Trade Sales Promotion: Gain/maintain distribution Influence resellers to promote product Influence resellers to offer price discount Increase reseller inventory Defend against competitors Avoid reduction of normal prices There are various sale promotion tools that stimulate trade to promote company product. There are a lot of trade sale promotion tools some are as discussed below: Trade Allowances: Trade allowancesare short-term special allowances, discounts, or deals granted to resellers to stimulate reseller to rapid purchase of their product. Point-of-Purchase Display: Point-of-purchase displays are generally used at the retail level to call customer attention to a featured product. In this company employees observe every retail shop and those retail shop that display more company product will be winner of special gift or prize Trade Shows: A trade show is periodic, semi periodic public event at which supplier displays their jeans product and provides information about jeans quality and price to potential buyer. After implementing these different techniques of sale promotion we monitor result and evaluate these by comparing with objective set before implementation of plan. Public relation Public relation is nothing but creating a favorable relation for organization and product which is done through used of various communication channel and tool. So public relation is mostly done to improve the image of company and build good image in customers mind. So public relation may be define as â€Å"Public Relations is a set of management, supervisory, and technical functions that foster an organizations ability to strategically listen to, appreciate, and respond to those persons whose mutually beneficial relationships with the organization are necessary if it is to achieve its missions and values. Objective: Like other aspect of marketing, public relation is also used to address several broad aspect of marketing like: Building Product Awareness–When introducing a new product or relaunching an existing product, marketers can use a PR element that generates consumer attention and awareness through media placements and special events. Creating Interest:Public Relation create public interest to used the product at least for once time. Providing Information:Through the Public relation we can provide a lot of information about company activity and their product feature and service provided by company. This information is delivered to public through newspaper, article website, collateral material; PR helps in delivering information that helps to public in understanding the product feature. Stimulating Demand:A positive article in a newspaper, on TV, news show or mentioned on the Internet, often results in a discernable increase in product sales. Reinforcing the Brand:In many companies like levy, denim jeans company the public relations function is also involved with brand reinforcement by maintaining positive relationships with key audiences, and thereby aiding in building a strong image. Direct Marketing Direct marketing is business of selling company product directly to customers through mail order, telephone, fax, e-mails, or web selling, rather than through retailers. Objective: There are mostly to objective for which direct marketing is carried out these are as follow: Convert not user to user. It is mostly done to obtain new client. The identification of new potential clients is very crucial when it comes to recruit new prospects and transformed them into your clients. The perpetual loyalty of customers. A loyal consumer cost less than new customers. Strategy: Various jeans industry like denim, Levi Strauss Co involved in direct marketing to get more market share. These companies sent a mail-order catalog to approximately prospective customers. 100-page catalog, developed in-house, targets both men and women and also contains 10 pages devoted to home products. There are various tools for direct marketing these are as :Direct response television marketing. Besides these jeans producing company also used various methods to promote their product. One method that Levis has recently taken is Path Breaking Strategy. Path breaking strategy by Levis: This strategy is mostly for those jeans whose cost above Rs.1400. We know a lot of thing about EMIs for house, car and other kind of white goods. But these EMIs is first time adopted by Levis for jeans.This idea has been conceptualized by Levis. Downturn market, cost cutting everywhere and empty pockets is the present situation; and here to curb all these hindrances, Levis is now, for the first time ever offering EMI facilities on its apparel wear in India. Simply shop for more than Rs. 1500 and you can avail this offer. This amount will be set off through your credit card in three equal installments. They have also tied up with ICICI Bank for the credit card settlement. There are certain objectives behind this strategy that are as follow: To increase the sales of premium jeans wear category that is worth more than Rs. 4000 per denim. To ensure sales throughout the year irrespective of seasonality:How will this objective be achie Integrated Marketing Communication Program for Jeans Integrated Marketing Communication Program for Jeans Executive summary: Various jeans industry such as Denim, Levis, and Disney etc. design various integrated marketing program. Although common objective of all IMC program is increase brand awareness, sale and design a unique image in customers mind. In order to address and attract customer all jeans industry launch various campaign. To communicate with public and customers they advertise their campaign on TV, magazine, online and radio. Through their advertisement they want to design their brand image in customer mind. Besides advertisement, they also carried out promotion activity, public relation, direct marketing etc. Direct marketing is although time consuming but most effective tool for communication. Various jeans industry also organizes various events in order to communicate properly with customers, for example Aadharshila Brand solution was planning to launch an event called â€Å"JEAN JANOON† for their client â€Å"The HUB† a multi brand outlet for apparel. Main purpose of this event is to increase the sale of jeans. Before designing IMC program this company carried out market research in order to judge customers behaviors toward jeans. For research they design the strategy for â€Å"JEAN JANOON† event. During the event they decided to get feedback from customer who visits â€Å"The HUB† multiband retail outlet so that appropriate primary data can be collected for designing IMC strategy for â€Å"The HUB†. Before designing integrated marketing communication program it is necessary to judge consumers behavior toward jeans , it is necessary to known customers liking and disliking, these data provide various support during designing of IMC program. Although there are various media available for communicating but Printads in magazine and news paper is seen most effective medium followed by television. After Research survey done by various jeans company, it has been found that male respondents were less brand conscious than female. There is no particular fashion trend among males, but females are more conscious towards seasonal fashion trends. â€Å"Fitting† and â€Å"style† are the major attributes considered by customer while buying jeans. Marketing plan plan Situation Analysis: Every organization faces a lot of problem at present time so it became necessary for every organization that before setting any objective carried out situation analysis in order to recognize strength, weakness, opportunities and threat present in our organization. According to Sally and John, marketing plans are â€Å"the written document or blueprint for implementing and controlling an organizations marketing activities related to a particular marketing strategy† . A successful marketing plan is able to improve organizations profits and growth, uses in objective setting and monitors results. So to gain a successful market plan it is necessary to to understand the current situation comprehensively and trends affecting the future of the organization.There are two major reasons to explain why situation analysis plays a vital role in developing marketing plan. Firstly, dynamic marketing environment will lead to uncertainty, threats and opportunities for marketers. Marketing managers who success to know changes in environment through situation analysis can lead their companies to capitalize on opportunities and cope with threats created by changes. Then, systematically analyzing situational environments in order to identify our customers and understand their needs. There are certain opportunities in jeans industry, such as increase women wear collection, increase market and market share through integrated PR, and advertisement and promotional campaign. Besides opportunities there is a lot of threat that create barrier for entry in to jeans industry. These threats are as follow: Increasing competition in ethical fashion Ethical brand is not taken seriously by public High price and loyalty decrease loyalty toward brand Main objective behind situation analysis is to known analyze customer, competitor and there strategy. Marketing objective: After situation analysis we became able to known our organization strength, weakness, opportunities and threat present in environment. It provides a lot of support in setting of objective. There may be a lot of marketing objective, some are as follow: Increase market share To create new successful denim and clothing rang and expand it to convert not user in to user. Increase sale by 50% in 6 month from the launch of public campaign Create awareness among target audience. Use excessive advertising especially using media preferred by the target market. Create product belonging and position among buyers mind Marketing strategies: Toachieve these objective we implement various strategy. Target market: Urban personality: Affluent young professional Prosperous young professional Students and cosmopolitan Marketing Mix Strategies : Main aim of various jeans industry to produce high quality jeans in various qualities such as five packet jeans in various size. This is mostly done to capture youth attention. They produce jeans in various colour to capture more market share. Must of jeans brand such as levis, denim, dem lea diesel jeans jump in to Indian market by producing high quality of jeans Pricing range from 4.7 $ to 9.5$. Jeans do not need too much promotion. It is done mostly by fair, E – commerce and agent The distribution channels for jeans industry are as follows. MANUFACTURER (COMPANY) WHOLESELLER JEANS SEND TO RETAILER CUSTOMER Internal Process It is as follows. Sample Cutting Stitching Washing Pressing and labeling Finishing Dispatched to store Packing and containers Explanation The sample is first send by the buyer. Its called a gold seal sample. In cutting dept, one piece is placed on the other and in this way a bundle of 50 Jeans is made. Then the cutter cuts it. In the stitching dept, front end or the upper part is made. Then backend is made and they are assembled together in the assembly end. Then the belt is made. Washing can be done by simple garment wash or through the stone wash and chemicals. It is done according to the buyers request. In Pressing and labeling dept, the Jeans are pressed and then labeled for identification. In finishing dept, the quality of jeans is checked and mistakes are rectified. Then the Jeans dispatched to the store. Then packing is done. It is done according to the buyers request. Then they are sent to the containers. Samples of Product; Implementation tactics : Launch a blind ad campaign on billboards and magazines in all A class areas of major cities and magazine. Heavy advertising on TV, newspapers and magazines Set displays of jeans in showrooms and major dealer outlets in all cities. Reduce number of billboards, television and magazines advertisements. Continue Advertising Evaluation, Monitoring and Control: Goal of marketing plan is to achieve market objective that are established before implementation of marketing plan. We evaluate and control our strategic tactic by comparing our result with standard established before setting of plan, by measuring customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. If result is less than our standard than there any is default in implementation and monitoring. The people who are responsible for the monitoring and control of the marketing plan involves, the Marketing Executives, Sales Managers, Media Managers, Market Research Departments, and the Production Managers. Some activities must be carried out for precisely and closely evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies and tactics for example the gathering and structuring of data regarding market, product, consumers and the pricing trends, then the generation of daily sales report should be maintained and then in the end continuous reconfirming of the marketing budget and activities by the managers of different divisions. The Integrated Marketing Communication Plan Integrated Marketing Communications is a term used to describe a holistic approach to marketing communication. It aims to ensure consistency of message and the complementary use of media. The concept includes online and offline marketing channels. Online marketing channels include any e-marketing campaigns or programs, pay-per-click, affiliate, email, banner to latest web related channels for webinar, blog, micro-blogging, RSS, podcast, and Internet TV. Offline marketing channels are traditional print (newspaper, magazine), mail order, public relations, industry relations, billboard, radio, and television. A company develops its integrated marketing communication programme using all the elements of the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) So Integrated marketing communication is integration of all marketing tools, approaches, and resources within a company which maximizes impact on consumer mind and which results into maximum profit at minimum cost. Promotional activities include Advertising, sales promotion, and personal selling activities. It also includes internet marketing, sponsorship marketing, direct marketing, database marketing and public relations. And integration of all these promotional tools along with other components of marketing mix to gain edge over competitor is called Integrated Marketing Communication. Situational analysis: First of all we carried out we carried out situation analysis in order to unedrtood problem. In this we identify our compititors and their strategy for example Levi carried out compititor analysis and find out various strategy adopted by Tommy Hilfiger, JNCO, VF Corporation, Gap, Calvin Klein, Diesel and Paris Blues. After situation analysis Levy Strauss Company find out thattheCalifornia gold rush outfitter whose trademark blue jeans have been an American clothing staple for generations, had fallen on hard times by 2004 and needed a change in strategic direction.After seven consecutive years of falling sales, profits turned to losses in 2003. Management responded to the decline by moving its manufacturing plants offshore and by introducing a new line of discount jeans at Wal-Mart.It also considered selling off its Dockers casual pants unit in order to focus on its jeans business. Under situation analysis we also analyze financial position of company. IMC objective: There are various IMC objective set by jeans company after situation analysis in order to accomplish their goal. Some of objective are as follow: To Increase sale by 50% in six month To Increase brand awareness To Increase customer loyality To Increase desire of customer To Increase repeat purchase To measure customer satisfaction To create relationship with customer on personal level To control and observe public opinion To receive feedback from customer on regular basis Media objectivesstate the impact that you expect to have on an audience in terms of reach and frequency. Objectives must meet the following criteria: Measurability Quantifiability Realism time-specificity Budget determination: We need to establish what amount of money will be needed to achieve the IMC objectives.Although there is various methods present to determine what amount of money invest on IMC. These methods are as follow: Affordable Method Percentage of Sales Method Unit of Sales Method Zero Budgeting Method Inaffordable methodwe invest money on IMC as soon as we can afford. However inPercentage of Sales Methodamount of money invest on IMC tool depend on what amount of sale we expect to achieve during course of year. These percentages are mostly adhoc and sometime based on judgment. InUnit of Sales MethodCompany allocate a certain proportion of cost of product to promotion. Thus say if ex factory cost of the product is say Rs 100/ the company will allot Rs.10/- toward promotion cost. Hence if company expects sale 10,000 unit of the product, thus allocated IMC budget will be Rs.100.000/-. In Zero Budgeting Method, company determine what need to achieve in term of sale and then rework backward in term of what money will be needed to be allocate to deliver those customers. Thus if company believe that in order to achieve their sales, 10,000 customers need to purchase their jeans once during the planning period than it will work out what number of prospective customers will needed to be tar geted through ATL and BTL activity, in order to achieve that result. IMC Methodologies There are various component of integrated marketing communication that is as follow: Advertisement Advertisement is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas or products by an identified sponsor. Objective of any ads is to increase brand awareness. Objectives: There are mostly three objective of advertisement compaign, that are as follow: Inform Persuade Remind Inform: Informative advertising, seeks to tell the market about the jeans, explain the new quality added in jeans, provide information on pricing, and build awareness of both the jeans quality and the company. Such objectives are normally pursued at the launch of a new quality jeans, or re-launch / up-date of an existing jean. Persuade: Here objectives are to encourage the target audience to switch brands, make the purchase, and create a preference in the market for the jeans as opposed to its competition. Advertising of this nature is required in highly competitive markets, where a range of jeans design competes directly with each other. In such circumstances businesses often seek to differentiate their jeans through Comparison Advertising – either directly or indirectly comparing its jeans to that of its competitors. Remind: Reminder Advertising, is used to maintain interest and awareness of a well established jeans brand in the market, often in the latter stages of its product life cycle. It is often used at the Point-of-Purchase to remind consumers of the Brand. Advertisement budget: Having identified advertising objectives, the advertising budget must be set. Determining exactly how much a business should spend on advertising to achieve the desired level of sales. Commonly, the decision is based on past experience of expenditure on advertising, and the sales subsequently achieved. There are however a number of factors that can be considered in setting the advertising budget Factors influencing the setting of advertising Budgets: Product life cycle stage:New products in the Launch stage of their Product Life Cycle, will normally require greater expenditure on advertising to create product awareness, and encourage consumers to trial the product. Whilst products that have reached Maturity in their product life cycle, will often require smaller advertising budgets to achieve the level of sales required. Competition:The number of competitors in the market, and their expenditure on advertising competing products, will influence a business to spend to a similar or higher degree. Product Differentiation:A product very similar to other products on the market may require greater expenditure on advertising to differentiate it from its competitors. Advertising Strategy: Developing an Advertising Strategy to achieve the objectives of a campaign, requires that consideration be given to both the ‘Message which will be communicated and the ‘Media through which it will be sent Advertising Message An advertising campaign, no matter how much money is spent, no matter what media is used, will only be successful if the Message appeals to the target audience. Given the level of advertising which bombards the average consumer, a successful advertising message must stand out amongst the advertising clutter. Thus marketing professionals are required to be creative, imaginative and innovative in developing the advertising message, both in terms of what is said, and How it is said? What is said This is often referred to as the ‘Big Idea, and will normally address the key benefits sought by the target audience, motivating the audience to pay attention. Given the constant search for new ways to appeal to target audiences, it is difficult to categories the content of advertising messages which a business may send, below we include a couple of examples of actual message strategy. During delivery of advertisement massage in customer mind take the personality symbol, lifestyle and musical as consideration. In addition the tone of the advertisement will need to be established, which can be either positive or negative. The advert may therefore promote positive feelings of fun, contentment, and happiness or take on a more negative, somber, or even threatening tone. Selecting Advertising Media: In addition to deciding upon the content, style and tone of the advertising message, the media through which the message will be communicated to the target audience must also be selected. Mostly for jeans advertisement we select media such as magazine, newspaper and outdoor. TV rarely used for advertisement of jeans. In order to select the most appropriate media, consideration must should be given to various advantage and disadvantage of various media. Strengths and weakness of various media are as given below: Television : Strengths Dynamic attention getting media, combining visual, sound and animated stimulus. Strong potential Impact High market coverage Good at demonstrating products Weaknesses: Highly expensive Poor at communicating lengthy technical information Newspapers: Strengths: Targeting is possible through profiling readership Good level of market coverage Weaknesses: Static media, not suitable for product demonstration Potential for poor reproduction, sometimes limited to black and white print Short-life span, i.e. todays newspapers become tomorrows rubbish Magazines: Strengths: High quality reproduction, of color images Targeting is possible through specialist publications Good pass on readership Weaknesses: Static media, not suitable for product demonstration Lengthy lead-time between advert being placed and magazine being published Outdoor: Strengths: High repeat exposure to advert Relatively low cost Low levels of competition, in terms of advertising clutter Weaknesses: Limited audience selectivity / targeting possible Static media, not suitable for product demonstrations Difficult to monitor effectiveness â€Å"Make them your own† is the name of the campaign launched by Levis to boost the sale of Denim jeans. This is one of the most aggressive marketing and advertising strategy followed by Levis to move up the sales. The theme of this marketing campaign is narcissistic youth. It will feature youth who will check themselves out in Denim blue jeans. The advertising will target the age group of 18 – 24 years. Mostly levy also select TV, Magazine, and Newspaper as a media for delivering there massage about their product in customer mind. PRINT Ads: This ad focus on that even in bad time our company ABC produce good quality of product in comparison to our competitor. ABC Company compares their product with competitors in quality and design. Through this ads company want to show that our product is superior in quality and design. Sale promotion: Sale promotion is collection of various consumers and trade promotional tool such as rebate, discount, gift, contest, coupons, price deal, contest game, sampling etc. to increase sale of products. There are certain objectives of sale promotion. However main objective is to increase immediate sale because Sales Managers are under great pressure to produce results quickly. Objective: There are certain objectives of sale promotion that are as follow: To increase immediate customer sale To increase support among the marketers sales force. To gain the support of the trade in marketing the product Reasons for Growth of Sales Promotion: There are number of reason for growth of company in sale promotion some are as follow: Increasing Competition Due to increase in competition, companies are finding it increasingly difficult to compete on quality. They are therefore resorting to more innovative methods of sales promotion. In order to have a competitive advantage over its competitors like Levis, Pepe, Killer and others, Spykar Jeans, once a year has a grand sale of up to 50%. Customers Have Become More Price Sensitive: The increase price sensitivity is direct result of rampant inflation. Economic support this trend further, as a result customers and dealer became more sensitive toward price. If the customers get branded jeans at half the actual price, then they are definitely going to make huge purchases of Spykar Jeans because they want value for their money, as they are price sensitive. Sales Promotions Generally Create an Immediate Positive Impact on Sales: Advertising, personal selling and other methods of promotion produce slower impact on sales in compared to sales promotion. Sales promotions are mostly for short duration, for a specified period, leading to a sense of urgency in consumers to buy now. This creates an immediate positive impact on sales. Products have become more standardized: In many product categories there is proliferation of brand or line extension and me too many brands. Most of brand perceived by consumer varies little in price. Due to this it became very difficult for advertiser to reposition their product in customers mind. Due to which they focus on more and more on sale promotion to get immediate result. Advertising Has Become More Expensive and Less Effective: All the advertising media have become quite expensive. Audio-visual medium, which is considered as the most effective for short-duration ads, may cost in excess of Rs. 1 lakh for a 10 second exposure during prime time. In many cases, consumers have reached a point of boredom due to excessive advertising on TV. Firms with small budgets cannot compete with big companies, which spend huge sums of money on advertising. For these small budget firms, sales promotion is a more cost-effective promotion method to produce sales results. Trade Has Become More Powerful: At present time Retailers and wholesalers have became more powerful and demand extra facility from company to promote their product. Company has no other alternative. Besides these there are also various kind reason such as Excess Stocks, Impulse Buying Is Increasing, Sales Promotions Maximize Profits etc. Promotion Strategies: Promotional strategy is mostly run to change consumers behavior, to increase brand image, to increase profit, to increase sale of various good. There are mostly two kind of sale promotion, one is directed toward consumer and other one is directed toward trade such as dealer, supplier, retailer etc. Consumer sale promotion tool: There are a lot of promotional tool used to increase sale. Consumer sale promotion is directed toward consumer. It stimulate consumer to purchase their product rapidly. There are a lot of tool that are as follow: Price deal: Price deal is temporary reduction in price of product. There are two type of deal: cents-off deals and price-pack deals. Price deal is given at various times to stimulate purchase of jeans. Coupon: A coupon is typically a printed certificate giving the bearer a stated price reduction or special value on a specific product, generally for a specific period. Various company issue various kind of coupon that contain various discount price , customer get the advantage of this discount and purchase jeans at low price. Offer: There are various kind of gift is offer by various jeans industry. For example the branding magazine said that the Gap will be conducting a marketing campaign centered on the idea that your favorite songs and your favorite jeans, Gap jeans, make the perfect fit. Customers who try on a pair of the retailers new jeans will receive a free iTMS download. The campaign will be marketed with print and TV ads, and will feature TV commercials with musicians singing covers of their favorite song while wearing Gap jeans. The company will be offering those collected covers in a CD at retail Gap locations for customers who make a US$60 or more Gap purchase. Premium: Sometime various companies like Levy, Denim etc. offer some gift or at bargain price to encourage customer buying. Sampling: Some company like American eagles to known customer feedback provide free simple of various jeans according to their preference. Advertising Specialities: Advertising specialities also call a promotional product. It mostly given to our loyal customers. It includes various card like birthday card, New Year card. It is mostly done to retain old customer. Trade sale promotion tool: Objectives of Trade Sales Promotion: Gain/maintain distribution Influence resellers to promote product Influence resellers to offer price discount Increase reseller inventory Defend against competitors Avoid reduction of normal prices There are various sale promotion tools that stimulate trade to promote company product. There are a lot of trade sale promotion tools some are as discussed below: Trade Allowances: Trade allowancesare short-term special allowances, discounts, or deals granted to resellers to stimulate reseller to rapid purchase of their product. Point-of-Purchase Display: Point-of-purchase displays are generally used at the retail level to call customer attention to a featured product. In this company employees observe every retail shop and those retail shop that display more company product will be winner of special gift or prize Trade Shows: A trade show is periodic, semi periodic public event at which supplier displays their jeans product and provides information about jeans quality and price to potential buyer. After implementing these different techniques of sale promotion we monitor result and evaluate these by comparing with objective set before implementation of plan. Public relation Public relation is nothing but creating a favorable relation for organization and product which is done through used of various communication channel and tool. So public relation is mostly done to improve the image of company and build good image in customers mind. So public relation may be define as â€Å"Public Relations is a set of management, supervisory, and technical functions that foster an organizations ability to strategically listen to, appreciate, and respond to those persons whose mutually beneficial relationships with the organization are necessary if it is to achieve its missions and values. Objective: Like other aspect of marketing, public relation is also used to address several broad aspect of marketing like: Building Product Awareness–When introducing a new product or relaunching an existing product, marketers can use a PR element that generates consumer attention and awareness through media placements and special events. Creating Interest:Public Relation create public interest to used the product at least for once time. Providing Information:Through the Public relation we can provide a lot of information about company activity and their product feature and service provided by company. This information is delivered to public through newspaper, article website, collateral material; PR helps in delivering information that helps to public in understanding the product feature. Stimulating Demand:A positive article in a newspaper, on TV, news show or mentioned on the Internet, often results in a discernable increase in product sales. Reinforcing the Brand:In many companies like levy, denim jeans company the public relations function is also involved with brand reinforcement by maintaining positive relationships with key audiences, and thereby aiding in building a strong image. Direct Marketing Direct marketing is business of selling company product directly to customers through mail order, telephone, fax, e-mails, or web selling, rather than through retailers. Objective: There are mostly to objective for which direct marketing is carried out these are as follow: Convert not user to user. It is mostly done to obtain new client. The identification of new potential clients is very crucial when it comes to recruit new prospects and transformed them into your clients. The perpetual loyalty of customers. A loyal consumer cost less than new customers. Strategy: Various jeans industry like denim, Levi Strauss Co involved in direct marketing to get more market share. These companies sent a mail-order catalog to approximately prospective customers. 100-page catalog, developed in-house, targets both men and women and also contains 10 pages devoted to home products. There are various tools for direct marketing these are as :Direct response television marketing. Besides these jeans producing company also used various methods to promote their product. One method that Levis has recently taken is Path Breaking Strategy. Path breaking strategy by Levis: This strategy is mostly for those jeans whose cost above Rs.1400. We know a lot of thing about EMIs for house, car and other kind of white goods. But these EMIs is first time adopted by Levis for jeans.This idea has been conceptualized by Levis. Downturn market, cost cutting everywhere and empty pockets is the present situation; and here to curb all these hindrances, Levis is now, for the first time ever offering EMI facilities on its apparel wear in India. Simply shop for more than Rs. 1500 and you can avail this offer. This amount will be set off through your credit card in three equal installments. They have also tied up with ICICI Bank for the credit card settlement. There are certain objectives behind this strategy that are as follow: To increase the sales of premium jeans wear category that is worth more than Rs. 4000 per denim. To ensure sales throughout the year irrespective of seasonality:How will this objective be achie